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Python中的3D繪圖命令總結

2022-02-22 13:01:21

導語

很多情況下,為了能夠觀察到資料之間的內部的關係,可以使用繪圖來更好的顯示規律。

比如在下面的幾張動圖中,使用matplotlib中的三維顯示命令,使得我們可以對於logistic迴歸網路的效能與相關引數有了更好的理解。

下面的動圖顯示了在訓練網路時,不同的學習速率對於演演算法收斂之間的影響。

下面給出了繪製這些動態曲線的相關的python指令:

01 3D plot

1.基本語法

在安裝matplotlib之後,自動安裝有 mpl_toolkits.mplot3d。

#Importing Libraries
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import axes3d
 
#3D Plotting
fig = plt.figure()
ax = plt.axes(projection="3d")
 
#Labeling
ax.set_xlabel('X Axes')
ax.set_ylabel('Y Axes')
ax.set_zlabel('Z Axes')
 
plt.show()

2.Python Cmd

使用pythoncmd 插入相應的語句。

3.舉例

(1) Ex1

#!/usr/local/bin/python
# -*- coding: gbk -*-
#******************************
# TEST2.PY                     -- by Dr. ZhuoQing 2020-11-16
#
# Note:
#******************************
 
from headm import *
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import axes3d
 
ax = plt.axes(projection='3d')
x = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
y = [2,3,4,6,7,8,9,5,1]
z = [5,6,2,4,8,6,5,6,1]
 
ax.plot3D(x,y,z)
ax.set_xlabel('X Axes')
ax.set_ylabel('Y Axes')
ax.set_zlabel('Z Axes')
 
plt.show()
 
#------------------------------------------------------------
#        END OF FILE : TEST2.PY
#******************************

▲ 3D plot的演示

(2) Ex2

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import axes3d
 
ax = plt.axes(projection='3d')
 
angle = linspace(0, 2*pi*5, 400)
x = cos(angle)
y = sin(angle)
z = linspace(0, 5, 400)
 
ax.plot3D(x,y,z)
ax.set_xlabel('X Axes')
ax.set_ylabel('Y Axes')
ax.set_zlabel('Z Axes')
 
plt.show()

▲ 3D繪製的例子

(3) Ex3

import matplotlib as mpl
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
mpl.rcParams['legend.fontsize'] = 10
 
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.gca(projection='3d')
theta = np.linspace(-4 * np.pi, 4 * np.pi, 100)
z = np.linspace(-2, 2, 100)
r = z**2 + 1
x = r * np.sin(theta)
y = r * np.cos(theta)
ax.plot(x, y, z, label='parametric curve')
ax.legend()
 
plt.show()

02 繪製Scatter

利用和上面的相同的繪製命令,將原來的plot3D修改成為 scatter即可。

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import axes3d
 
ax = plt.axes(projection='3d')
 
angle = linspace(0, 2*pi*5, 40)
x = cos(angle)
y = sin(angle)
z = linspace(0, 5, 40)
 
ax.scatter(x,y,z, color='b')
ax.set_xlabel('X Axes')
ax.set_ylabel('Y Axes')
ax.set_zlabel('Z Axes')
 
plt.show()

▲ Scatter 的例子

03 繪製3D Surface

(1) Ex1

▲ 3D surface例子

#!/usr/local/bin/python
# -*- coding: gbk -*-
#******************************
# TEST2.PY                     -- by Dr. ZhuoQing 2020-11-16
#
# Note:
#******************************
 
from headm import *
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import axes3d
 
ax = plt.axes(projection='3d')
 
x = arange(-5, 5, 0.1)
y = arange(-5, 5, 0.1)
x,y = meshgrid(x, y)
R = sqrt(x**2+y**2)
z = sin(R)
 
ax.plot_surface(x, y, z)
ax.set_xlabel('X Axes')
ax.set_ylabel('Y Axes')
ax.set_zlabel('Z Axes')
 
plt.show()
 
#------------------------------------------------------------
#        END OF FILE : TEST2.PY
#******************************

▲ 3D 繪製Surface

▲ 繪製3D球表面

(2) 舉例

'''
***********
3D surface (color map)
***********
Demonstrates plotting a 3D surface colored with the coolwarm color map.
The surface is made opaque by using antialiased=False.
Also demonstrates using the LinearLocator and custom formatting for the
z axis tick labels.
'''
 
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import cm
from matplotlib.ticker import LinearLocator, FormatStrFormatter
import numpy as np
 
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.gca(projection='3d')
 
# Make data.
X = np.arange(-5, 5, 0.25)
Y = np.arange(-5, 5, 0.25)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(X, Y)
R = np.sqrt(X**2 + Y**2)
Z = np.sin(R)
 
# Plot the surface.
surf = ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, cmap=cm.coolwarm,
                       linewidth=0, antialiased=False)
 
# Customize the z axis.
ax.set_zlim(-1.01, 1.01)
ax.zaxis.set_major_locator(LinearLocator(10))
ax.zaxis.set_major_formatter(FormatStrFormatter('%.02f'))
 
# Add a color bar which maps values to colors.
fig.colorbar(surf, shrink=0.5, aspect=5)
 
plt.show()

▲ 彩色表面繪製

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