2021-05-12 14:32:11
Linux磁碟管理入門教學
我們看看在Linux系統中磁碟是如何分割區的
磁碟分割區:
fdisk:是Linux的一個操作磁碟分割區表的常用工具:
常用的格式:fdisk -l列出使用的磁碟裝置
[root@linux ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 214.7 GB, 214748364800 bytes, 419430400 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x00029f42
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 1026048 84912127 41943040 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 84912128 126855167 20971520 83 Linux
/dev/sda4 126855168 419430399 146287616 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 126859264 131055615 2098176 82 Linux swap / Solaris
下面我們根據實驗一點點講解Linux磁碟的管理操作
0.建立主分割區(MBR):
a) Fdisk /dev/sda進入磁碟分割區環境
[root@bogon ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help):
當然,執行在這的時候,你可以使用m便會列出命令選項:
Command (m for help): m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help):
b) n 新增一個新的磁碟
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
e:表示擴充套件分割區,p:表示主分割區(1-4)
[延伸]我們之後主分割區的數量是由分割區表限制的,64的分割區表最多只能分為4個主分割區,或者三個主分割區一個擴充套件分割區或者其他,常見的window中的就是一個主分割區一個擴充套件分割區(明白了嗎)
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 3
First cylinder (7859-15665, default 7859):
c) 回車選擇預設的起始磁區
123 Partition number (1-4): 3
First cylinder (7859-15665, default 7859):
Using default value 7859
這裡我們直接回車表示使用的是起始的柱面(在系統版本的不同,有的是根據柱面,有的是磁區,不過呢,也沒啥大礙)
d) 輸入格式為”+[M,G]”磁碟空間大小
1 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (7859-15665, default 15665): +10G
根據我們自己個人客製化,使用括號裡面的單位,或者你也可以選擇使用柱面表示,但是前面有一個加號
e) w儲存退出
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
這一切的操作其實都是在記憶體中完成,只有使用w才是儲存下來,下面我們來驗證一下
f) ls /dev/sda*或者cat /proc/partitions檢視是否有新建立的分割區
[root@bogon ~]# ls /dev/sda*
/dev/sda /dev/sda1 /dev/sda2
[root@bogon ~]# cat /proc/partitions
major minor #blocks name
8 0 125829120 sda
8 1 204800 sda1
8 2 62914560 sda2
253 0 20971520 dm-0
253 1 2097152 dm-1
253 2 10485760 dm-2
253 3 20971520 dm-3
[root@bogon ~]#
奇怪,這是怎麼回事呢?難道沒有成功?不是的,這是因為沒有同步到核心罷了
g) 執行parted –a/dev/sda一次或多次直到顯示建立的新的分割區
[root@bogon ~]# partx -a /dev/sda
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 1
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 2
[root@bogon ~]# partx -a /dev/sda
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 1
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 2
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 3
[root@bogon ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 128.8 GB, 128849018880 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 15665 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x0004a6ba
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 26 204800 83 Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2 26 7859 62914560 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sda3 7859 9164 10489446 83 Linux
partx -a 其實就是通知(告訴)核心,磁碟資訊變動了,你更新一下,一次沒有顯示,我們可以多執行一下看看結果,是不是10G的主分割區就建立成功了。因此,這裡特別留意兩個命令partx 和fdisk
主分割區我們建立了,可是我想建立一個交換分割區,怎麼建立呢?下面我們就來看看
大家知道swap分割區就是記憶體空間,空間前後那就是不一樣的了,我們先來檢視一下記憶體空間
[root@bogon ~]# free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 845 157 687 0 12 55
-/+ buffers/cache: 90 754
Swap: 2047 0 2047
現在開始建立一個swap分割區
[root@bogon ~]# mkswap /dev/sda4
mkswap: /dev/sda4: warning: don't erase bootbits sectors
(dos partition table detected). Use -f to force.
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 31463296 KiB
no label, UUID=c0c990f9-9d68-41d6-8e75-1eb41b08c4fc
[root@bogon ~]# mkswap -f /dev/sda4
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 31463296 KiB
no label, UUID=5017d30a-1d96-4e47-b4ba-274d132afeb9
[root@bogon ~]# free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 845 157 687 0 12 55
-/+ buffers/cache: 90 754
Swap: 2047 0 2047
[root@bogon ~]# swapon /dev/sda4
[root@bogon ~]# free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 845 180 664 0 12 55
-/+ buffers/cache: 112 732
Swap: 32773 0 32773
[root@bogon ~]#
當然我們也是可以把一個已經建立的分割區調整為swap分割區
a) Fdisk /dev/sda進入磁碟分割區環境
b) n 新增一個新的磁碟
c) 回車選擇預設的起始磁區
d) 輸入格式為”+[MG]”磁碟空間大小
e) l 顯示調整分割區的系統ID,swap(82)
f) t 調整分割區
g) 輸入調整的分割區號
h) 輸入要想調整的分割區型別ID(82)
i) p 檢視分割區調整的結果
j) w 儲存
k) kpartx -af /dev/sda重讀一次或者兩次,或者手動調整,使用kpartx –a /dev/sda#,#是調整的那個分割區號,手動的新增一個分割區
l) fdisk –l /dev/sda 檢視顯示是否成功
下面是原始碼展示:步驟很清楚
[root@bogon ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): n
First cylinder (9165-13081, default 9165):
Using default value 9165
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (9165-13081, default 13081): +100M
Command (m for help): l
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .
7 HPFS/NTFS 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility
8 AIX 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 50 OnTrack DM 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
a OS/2 Boot Manag 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
b W95 FAT32 52 CP/M 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ee GPT
f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
10 OPUS 56 Golden Bow a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
11 Hidden FAT12 5c Priam Edisk a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor
12 Compaq diagnost 61 SpeedStor a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3 63 GNU HURD or Sys ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary
16 Hidden FAT16 64 Novell Netware af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 65 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE
18 AST SmartSleep 70 DiskSecure Mult b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto
1b Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep
1c Hidden W95 FAT3 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT
1e Hidden W95 FAT1
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-5): 5
Hex code (type L to list codes): 82
Changed system type of partition 5 to 82 (Linux swap / Solaris)
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 128.8 GB, 128849018880 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 15665 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x0004a6ba
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 26 204800 83 Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2 26 7859 62914560 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sda3 7859 9164 10489446 83 Linux
/dev/sda4 9165 13081 31463302+ 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 9165 9178 112423+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@bogon ~]# kpartx -a /dev/sda
device-mapper: reload ioctl on sda1 failed: Invalid argument
create/reload failed on sda1
device-mapper: reload ioctl on sda2 failed: Invalid argument
create/reload failed on sda2
device-mapper: reload ioctl on sda3 failed: Invalid argument
create/reload failed on sda3
device-mapper: reload ioctl on sda4 failed: Invalid argument
create/reload failed on sda4
device-mapper: reload ioctl on sda5 failed: Invalid argument
create/reload failed on sda5
2.檔案系統的建立
這裡使用的是mkfs格式化工具,他可以把分割區格式化為mkfs.cramfs mkfs.ext2 mkfs.ext3 mkfs.ext4 mkfs.ext4dev mkfs.msdos mkfs.vfat這些檔案系統例如:
[root@bogon ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
655776 inodes, 2622361 blocks
131118 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=2688548864
81 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8096 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 37 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
a) mkfs.ext2 /dev/sda# 格式化sda#分割區成為ext2的檔案系統型別(破壞已有的檔案系統型別)
[root@bogon ~]# mkfs.ext2 /dev/sda3
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
655776 inodes, 2622361 blocks
131118 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=2688548864
81 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8096 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632
Writing inode tables: done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 24 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
b) blkid /dev/sda# 檢視分割區是否格式化成目標檔案系統型別
[root@bogon ~]# blkid /dev/sda3
/dev/sda3: UUID="228c109c-b9f8-4339-90eb-b072c60b3433" TYPE="ext2"
更多詳情見請繼續閱讀下一頁的精彩內容: http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2016-03/129297p2.htm
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