Linux Shell發郵件筆記

2020-06-16 17:38:32

Linux作為首屈一指的伺服器級別的作業系統，郵件系統的使用非常簡單（一行命令），雖然網上已經有很多Shell發郵件的文章貼文足夠參考使用，例如這一篇寫的比較翔實[附1]，本文基本上也是按其過程操作，這裡自己再寫一遍是為了以自己的方式總結和學習。

①安裝所需軟體包

RPM式系統（RedHat、CentOS）：

yum install -y sendmail

yum install -y sharutils

wget ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/mailutils/mailutils-2.2.tar.gz

tar -xzf mailutils-2.2.tar.gz

cd mailutils-2.2 ; ls

./configure

make && make install

DEB式系統（Debian、Ubuntu）：

apt-get install sendmail

apt-get install mailutils

apt-get install sharutils

②簡單說明

DEB系統的apt提供了完整的源，可以直接簡單安裝；RPM系統中“mailutils”包需要手動下載原始碼編譯安裝。“sendmail”提供本地郵件設定和服務管理，“mailutils”提供各種格式和通訊協定的郵件支援，“sharutils”提供附件傳輸。

Ubuntu安裝完成後郵件服務（“sendmail”）預設已經啟動了，CentOS則可能需要手動啟動服務。可以通過檢視進程列表確認是否需要手動啟動服務。

ps aux | grep sendmail

service sendmail start

“sendmail”預設設定是支援本地郵件服務，要開啟外網通訊，需要修改一下組態檔“/etc/mail/sendmail.mc”，找到“127.0.0.1”，修改為“0.0.0.0”。

③發件範例

普通郵件

echo 郵件正文 | mail -s 郵件主題 -t 收件人

例：echo -e "我是一棵蔥n你是一顆蒜" | mail -s Hello -t …………@…….com

郵件內容來自檔案

mail -s subject -t …………@…….com < file

例：mail -s Hello -t …………@…….com < 蔥與蒜.txt

附件郵件

uuencode 原檔名檔案附件名 | mail -s subject -t …………@…….com

例：uuencode 蔥與蒜.txt 蔥與蒜.txt | mail -s subject -t …………@…….com

一個完整例子：

(echo -e "我是一棵蔥n" ; echo "你是一顆蒜" ; uuencode 蔥.txt 蔥.txt ; uuencode 蒜.txt 蒜.txt) |

mail -s "Hello Gay" -t …………@163.com, …………@qq.com

作為指令碼語言，Python也可以非常方便的進行發郵件[附2]。

附1：shell發郵件命令之mail

目前最常用的就是mail命令了。

(sudo apt-get install mailutils)

也可手動下載安裝：http://mailutils.org/download.html

簡單一行命令實現傳送郵件

echo 'content test' | mail -s "title test" -t abc@hello.com,efg@hello.com,123@world.com-a From:aaa@qq.com

內容由檔案匯入

mail -s "sh mail test" < file1.txt

帶上附件

(uuencode file1.txt file1.txt; uuencode file2.txt file2.txt) | mail -s "title test" -t hello@aaa.com

內容 + 附件

(echo '1111111'; uuencode file1.txt file1.txt; uuencode file2.txt file2.txt) | mail -s "title test" -t hello@aaa.com

多個內容 +多個附件

(echo '1111111'; echo '22222222'; uuencode file1.txt file1.txt; uuencode file2.txt file2.txt) | mail -s "title test" -t hello@aaa.com

Cent OS 系統上：

下載安裝mailutils

wget ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/mailutils/mailutils-2.2.tar.gz

解壓進入

./configure

make && make install

yum install -y sendmail

yum install sharutils # 使用帶附件功能

service sendmail start

檢視sendmail啟動沒： ps aux |grep sendmail

測試：echo 'content test' | mail -s "title test" -t aaa@b.com

此時發覺只能給公司內部發郵件，如果需要還能給外面的郵箱（比如我的qq郵箱）發郵件則還需要

vi /etc/mail/sendmail.mc

找到包含Addr的這一行：

DAEMON_OPTIONS(`Family=inet, Name=MTA-v4, Port=smtp, Addr=127.0.0.1')dnl

修改Addr=0.0.0.0 ，表明可以連線到任何伺服器

/etc/mail/sendmail.mc

divert(-1)dnl

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# $Sendmail: debproto.mc,v 8.14.4 2014-02-11 13:02:08 cowboy Exp $

# cf/debian/sendmail.mc. Generated from sendmail.mc.in by configure.

# sendmail.mc prototype config file for building Sendmail 8.14.4

# Note: the .in file supports 8.7.6 - 9.0.0, but the generated

# file is customized to the version noted above.

# This file is used to configure Sendmail for use with Debian systems.

# If you modify this file, you will have to regenerate /etc/mail/sendmail.cf

# by running this file through the m4 preprocessor via one of the following:

# * make (or make -C /etc/mail)

# * sendmailconfig

# * m4 /etc/mail/sendmail.mc > /etc/mail/sendmail.cf

# The first two options are preferred as they will also update other files

# that depend upon the contents of this file.

# The best documentation for this .mc file is:

# /usr/share/doc/sendmail-doc/cf.README.gz

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

divert(0)dnl

# This file is used to configure Sendmail for use with Debian systems.

define(`_USE_ETC_MAIL_')dnl

include(`/usr/share/sendmail/cf/m4/cf.m4')dnl

VERSIONID(`$Id: sendmail.mc, v 8.14.4-4.1ubuntu1 2014-02-11 13:02:08 cowboy Exp $')

OSTYPE(`debian')dnl

DOMAIN(`debian-mta')dnl

dnl # Items controlled by /etc/mail/sendmail.conf - DO NOT TOUCH HERE

undefine(`confHOST_STATUS_DIRECTORY')dnl#DAEMON_HOSTSTATS=

dnl # Items controlled by /etc/mail/sendmail.conf - DO NOT TOUCH HERE

dnl #

dnl # General defines

dnl #

dnl # SAFE_FILE_ENV: [undefined] If set, sendmail will do a chroot()

dnl # into this directory before writing files.

dnl # If *all* your user accounts are under /home then use that

dnl # instead - it will prevent any writes outside of /home !

dnl # define(`confSAFE_FILE_ENV', `')dnl

dnl #

dnl # Daemon options - restrict to servicing LOCALHOST ONLY !!!

dnl # Remove `, Addr=' clauses to receive from any interface

dnl # If you want to support IPv6, switch the commented/uncommentd lines

dnl #

FEATURE(`no_default_msa')dnl

dnl DAEMON_OPTIONS(`Family=inet6, Name=MTA-v6, Port=smtp, Addr=::1')dnl

DAEMON_OPTIONS(`Family=inet, Name=MTA-v4, Port=smtp, Addr=0.0.0.0')dnl

dnl DAEMON_OPTIONS(`Family=inet6, Name=MSP-v6, Port=submission, M=Ea, Addr=::1')dnl

DAEMON_OPTIONS(`Family=inet, Name=MSP-v4, Port=submission, M=Ea, Addr=127.0.0.1')dnl

dnl #

dnl # Be somewhat anal in what we allow

define(`confPRIVACY_FLAGS',dnl

`needmailhelo,needexpnhelo,needvrfyhelo,restrictqrun,restrictexpand,nobodyreturn,authwarnings')dnl

dnl #

dnl # Define connection throttling and window length

define(`confCONNECTION_RATE_THROTTLE', `15')dnl

define(`confCONNECTION_RATE_WINDOW_SIZE',`10m')dnl

dnl #

dnl # Features

dnl #

dnl # use /etc/mail/local-host-names

FEATURE(`use_cw_file')dnl

dnl #

dnl # The access db is the basis for most of sendmail's checking

FEATURE(`access_db', , `skip')dnl

dnl #

dnl # The greet_pause feature stops some automail bots - but check the

dnl # provided access db for details on excluding localhosts...

FEATURE(`greet_pause', `1000')dnl 1 seconds

dnl #

dnl # Delay_checks allows sender<->recipient checking

FEATURE(`delay_checks', `friend', `n')dnl

dnl #

dnl # If we get too many bad recipients, slow things down...

define(`confBAD_RCPT_THROTTLE',`3')dnl

dnl #

dnl # Stop connections that overflow our concurrent and time connection rates

FEATURE(`conncontrol', `nodelay', `terminate')dnl

FEATURE(`ratecontrol', `nodelay', `terminate')dnl

dnl #

dnl # If you're on a dialup link, you should enable this - so sendmail

dnl # will not bring up the link (it will queue mail for later)

dnl define(`confCON_EXPENSIVE',`True')dnl

dnl #

dnl # Dialup/LAN connection overrides

dnl #

include(`/etc/mail/m4/dialup.m4')dnl

include(`/etc/mail/m4/provider.m4')dnl

dnl #

dnl # Default Mailer setup

MAILER_DEFINITIONS

MAILER(`local')dnl

MAILER(`smtp')dnl

附2：【Python】一鍵式發郵件小指令碼

工作中涉及到給客戶定時發郵件，這裡提供一個Python小指令碼，單獨放進一個py小檔案，每次用時import一下非??簡單方便。

# !/usr/bin/python

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# create_author: 蛙鱖雞鸛狸猿

# create_time : 2016-10-10

# NOTICE : *_*mail config*_*

import logging

import smtplib

from email import encoders

from email.mime.text import MIMEText

from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart

# class obj

class Mail():

def __init__(self, msg_from, msg_to, msg_subject, text, path_file, host, port, user, password):

self.msg_from = msg_from # 發件箱——————""

self.msg_to = msg_to # 收件箱——————["",""]

self.msg_subject = msg_subject # 郵件主題————""

self.text = text # 郵件正文————""

self.path_file = path_file # 郵件附件————[{"path" : "", "name" : ""}, {"path" : "", "name" : ""}]

self.host = host # 伺服器——————"smtp.163.com"

self.port = port # 埠號——————25

self.user = user # 發件箱使用者———""

self.password = password # 發件箱密碼————""

def __str__(self):

tranceback = "An e-mail from "%s" to "%s" under subject of "%s"…………" % (self.msg_from, self.msg_to, self.msg_subject)

return tranceback

def csmail(self):

msg = MIMEMultipart()

try:

msg['from'] = self.msg_from

msg['to'] = ','.join(self.msg_to) # because of a BUG of smtplib

msg['subject'] = self.msg_subject

msg.attach(MIMEText(self.text))

for i in self.path_file:

msg_attach = MIMEText(open(i['path'], "rb").read(), "base64", "utf-8")

attach_name = i['name']

msg_attach.add_header("Content-Disposition", "attachment", filename=attach_name)

msg_attach["Content-Type"] = "application/octet-stream"

msg.attach(msg_attach)

except Exception , e:

logging.error("create email under subject "%s" failed! Detail: %s" % (self.msg_subject , e))

exit()

ser = smtplib.SMTP()

try:

ser.connect(host=self.host, port=self.port)

ser.login(user=self.user, password=self.password)

ser.sendmail(msg['from'], self.msg_to, msg.as_string())

ser.quit()

except Exception, e:

logging.error("send email under subject "%s" failed! Detail: %s" % (self.msg_subject , e))

exit()

以下是一個小範例。

MSG = {"msg_from" : "……@163.com",

"msg_to" : ["……@qq.com", "……@…….com"],

"msg_subject" : "Hello收件人",

"text" : "測試郵件(generate by Python2.7.12)",

"path_file" : [{"path" : moudle_base.rount() + "附件1" + moudle_base.curtime() + ".xlsx",

"name" : "附件1" + moudle_base.curtime() + ".xlsx"},

{"path" : moudle_base.rount() + "附件2" + moudle_base.curtime() + ".xlsx",

"name" : "附件2" + moudle_base.curtime() + ".xlsx"}],

"host" : "smtp.163.com",

"port" : 25,

"user" : "……",

"password" : "……"

}

mail = Mail(msg_from=MSG["msg_from"], msg_to=MSG["msg_to"], msg_subject=MSG["msg_subject"], text=MSG["text"], path_file=MSG["path_file"],

host=MSG["host"], port=MSG["port"], user=MSG["user"], password=MSG["password"])

print(mail)

mail.csmail()

也就是把所有的引數放進一個大字典，直接取用就可以了，非常一目了然。

Linux Shell發郵件筆記

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