雙語丨構詞法 Word-formation processes

5.6 構詞法 Word-formation processes

Nowadays,the world has undergone great changes in many aspects because of the progress of science and technology and because of the globalization and intercultural communication.

當今世界由於科學技術的進步，世界在許多方面都發生了巨大的變化因為全球化和跨文化交際。

In the new situation, more and more new words are needed and produced.

在新的形勢下，越來越多的新詞被需要和產生。

In fact,there have been many ways used to obtain new words.

事實上，有很多方法可以用來獲取新詞。

一、

It is generally believed that the basic elements of a language's vocabulary were created by coining in its earliest stages of development.

人們普遍認為，一種語言詞彙的基本元素是在其發展的早期階段通過 創造新詞 創造出來的。

Coining is the first-time creation of an unmotivated, i. e. non-complex and completely arbitrary connection between expression and content.

創造新詞是一種無動機的第一次創造，即不復雜和完全任意的在表達和內容之間的聯絡。

The most typical sources are invented trade names for one company's product which become general terms（without initial capital letters ）for any version of that product.

最典型的來源是為一個公司的產品發明的商品名。它們已成為該產品任何版本的通用術語(沒有首字母大寫)。

Older examples are aspirin，nylon，and zipper;

more recent examples are Kleenex，Teflon, Xerox，Kodak， Dacron and Clone.

較早的例子有阿司匹林（解熱鎮痛藥）、尼龍（[紡] 聚醯胺纖維）和拉鍊;

最近的例子有

舒潔（克里奈克斯紙巾（商標名））、

特氟綸（俗稱「塑料王」聚四氟乙烯；是杜邦公司的註冊商標）、

施樂（商標名，美國辦公裝置製造公司Xerox machines施樂影印機，用靜電覆印法影印）、

柯達（ Kodak Company柯達公司；柯達照相機）、

達克綸（【商標】抗皺堅固的聚酯紡織纖維的品牌，滌綸）和

克隆（克隆；無性系；無性繁殖）。

二、

Another way to obtain new words is borrowing，which was a major method practiced, in the English language, in the ages of Old English (450-1150) and Middle English (1150-1500).

另一種獲取新詞的方式是外來詞，在古英語(450-1150)和中古英語(1150-1500)時期，這是英語語言中常用的一種主要方法。

Borrowing means taking over words from other languages.

外來詞是指從其他語言中吸收詞彙。

Borrowed words (also borrowings or loan words） fall into four categories：

外來詞(也稱為borrowings 或loan words)分為四類:

aliens, denizens, translation-loans and semantic borrowings.

非同化詞、同化詞、 譯藉詞 和 借義詞。

1）

Aliens are foreign loans that still keep their alien shapes.

i. e.morphological and phonological features,

e. g. elite, coup d'état, coupe, etc. from French.

非同化詞是外來詞，仍然保持它們外來詞的形狀。

即詞法特徵和音位特徵，

例如:elite（ [elit; lit] n. 精英；精華；中堅分子）, coup d'état（[ku detɑ]n. 政變）, coupe（ [kupe] n. 雙門小轎車；雙座四輪轎式馬車；高腳香檳酒杯；甜點盤）等源自法語。

2)

Denizens have transformed their foreign appearance,

i.e.they have been Anglicized (or Americanized),

e. g. get (a Scandinavian borrowing), theater (a French loan), etc.

Hybrids are also denizens, because they are words made up of two parts both from foreign soil, such as sociology (socio- from French and -log y from Greek).

同化詞已改變了他們的外來詞的外貌，

也就是說，他們已經英國化=盎格魯化(或美國化)了，

例如，get(借用斯堪的納維亞語外來詞)，theater(借用法語詞)，等等。

hybrids（n.混合詞、 雜種，混血兒；混合物）也是同化詞，因為它們是由來自外國的兩部分組成的，比如sociology（社會學）(socio-來自法語，-logy來自希臘語)。

3)

Translation-loans are words imported by way of translation,

e. g. black humor from humour noir (French), mother tongue from lingua materna (Latin), long time no see from hǎo jiǔ méi jiàn (Chinese), etc.

According to Yule G. (1985: 65), the English word superman is thought to be a translation-loan of the German Ubermensch and the term loan-word itself is believed to have come from the German Lehnwort.

譯藉詞是通過翻譯的方式輸入的詞語，

例如:black humor（黑色幽默）由humor noir(法語)演變而來;mother tongue（母語）由lingua materna(拉丁語)演變而來;long time no see（好久不見）由 hǎo jiǔ méi jiàn(中文)演變而來;

根據Yule G.(1985: 65)，英語單詞superman被認為是一個德語Ubermensch的譯藉詞 和 loan-word（外來詞）術語本身被認為來自德語Lehnwort。

4)

Semantic borrowings have acquired new meanings under the influence of language or languages other than the source tongue.

For instance, gift meant "the price of a wife" in old English, and after the semantic borrowing of the meaning of 「gift or present"of the Scandinavian term gift, it meant and still means 「gift"in the modern sense of it.

借義詞 在語言或非源語言的影響下 獲得了新的意義。

例如，gift在古英語中意為「妻子的價格」，在斯堪的納維亞語單詞gift的語義上借用了gift或present的意思後，它在現代意義上的意思是「禮物」，現在仍然是「禮物」的意思。

三、

Apart from coining and borrowing,people also create new words by means of word-formation processes,the rule-governed processes of forming new words on the basis of already existing linguistic resources.

除了 創造新詞 和 外來詞，人們還通過 構詞法 創造新詞，這種在已有的語言資源基礎上 創造新詞的規則支配方法。

Some are productive, such as derivation, conversion and compounding. They ought to be studied first in detail.

有些是多產的，如派生法、轉類法和複合法。首先應該對它們進行詳細研究。

The others are less productive,but also very important in helping form new words we need. They are blending,clipping,backformation and acronymy.

These less productive processes are very unique in one way or another.Thus,they should also be understood particularly.

其他的多產的，但在幫助構成我們需要的新詞方面也非常重要。他們拼綴法、截短法、逆生法、首字母縮略法。