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Linux LVM邏輯卷管理

2020-06-16 16:32:38

使用Linux好久了,一定會意識到一個問題,某個分割區容量不夠用了,想要擴容怎麼辦?這裡就涉及到LVM邏輯卷的管理了,可以動態調整Linux分割區容量。


LVM 概述#

全稱Logical Volume Manager,可以動態調整磁碟容量,提高磁碟管理靈活性。

在安裝CentOS 7的過程中選擇自動分割區時,預設就是以LVM的方案安裝的系統。

但是/boot分割區必須獨立出來,不能基於LVM建立。

PV 物理卷#

物理卷,Physical Volume,是LVM機制的基本儲存裝置,通常對應一個普通分割區或是整個硬碟。

建立物理卷時,會在分割區或磁碟頭部建立一個用於記錄LVM屬性的保留區塊,並把儲存空間分割成預設大小為4MB的基本單元(Physical Extend,PE),從而構成物理卷。

普通分割區先轉換分割區型別為8e;整塊硬碟,可以將所有的空間劃分為一個主分割區再做調整。

VG 卷組#

卷組,Volume Group,是由一個或多個物理卷組成的一個整體。可以動態新增、移除物理卷,建立時可以指定PE大小。

LV 邏輯卷#

邏輯卷,Logical Volume,建立在捲組之上,與物理卷沒有直接關係。格式化後,即可掛載使用。

三者關係#

通過以上對三者的解釋可以看出,建立LVM的過程。首先,將普通分割區或整個硬碟建立為物理卷;然後,將一個或多個物理捲建立為捲組;最後,在捲組上分割不同的資料儲存空間形成邏輯卷。有了邏輯卷,就可以格式化、掛載使用了。


LVM 管理#

LVM 常用命令#

功能PV 管理命令VG 管理命令LV 管理命令
Scan(掃描) pvscan vgscan lvscan
Create(建立) pvcreate vgcreate lvcreate
Display(顯示) pvdisplay vgdisplay lvdisplay
Remove(移除) pvremove vgremove lvremove
Extend(擴充套件) / vgextend lvextend
Reduce(減少) / vgreduce lvreduce

PV 管理#

pvsacn#

  • 掃描列出系統中所有的物理卷

-e:僅顯示屬於輸出卷組的物理卷
-n:僅顯示不屬於任何卷組的物理卷

[root@localhost ~]# pvscan
  PV /dev/sda2   VG centos          lvm2 [<19.00 GiB / 0    free]
  PV /dev/sdb1                      lvm2 [<20.00 GiB]
  PV /dev/sdc1                      lvm2 [<20.00 GiB]
  Total: 3 [58.99 GiB] / in use: 1 [<19.00 GiB] / in no VG: 2 [<40.00 GiB]

pvcreate#

  • 將分割區或整個硬碟轉換成物理卷
[root@localhost ~]# pvcreate /dev/sd{b,c}1
  Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created.
  Physical volume "/dev/sdc1" successfully created.

pvdisplay#

  • 顯示物理卷的詳細資訊
[root@localhost ~]# pvdisplay
  --- Physical volume ---
  PV Name               /dev/sda2
  VG Name               centos
  PV Size               <19.00 GiB / not usable 3.00 MiB
  Allocatable           yes (but full)
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              4863
  Free PE               0
  Allocated PE          4863
  PV UUID               E4eovQ-CgPo-OSDK-75MO-BfD8-pGsP-BUlqip

  "/dev/sdb1" is a new physical volume of "<20.00 GiB"
  --- NEW Physical volume ---
  PV Name               /dev/sdb1
  VG Name
  PV Size               <20.00 GiB
  Allocatable           NO
  PE Size               0
  Total PE              0
  Free PE               0
  Allocated PE          0
  PV UUID               gR5mm3-f50o-XLTq-34GY-n6Iz-WXkQ-uMZAkJ

  "/dev/sdc1" is a new physical volume of "<20.00 GiB"
  --- NEW Physical volume ---
  PV Name               /dev/sdc1
  VG Name
  PV Size               <20.00 GiB
  Allocatable           NO
  PE Size               0
  Total PE              0
  Free PE               0
  Allocated PE          0
  PV UUID               O2gKxa-ONts-kyXK-zZrO-3dDg-FhtI-V6GPy9

pvremove#

  • 刪除指定的物理卷,還原成普通分割區或磁碟

TIPS:只有不屬於卷組的物理卷才可以刪除還原。

[root@localhost ~]# pvremove /dev/sdd1
  Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdd1" successfully wiped.

VG 管理#

vgscan#

  • 掃描系統中已建立的LVM卷組
[root@localhost ~]# vgscan
  Reading volume groups from cache.
  Found volume group "class" using metadata type lvm2
  Found volume group "centos" using metadata type lvm2

vgcreate#

  • 將一個或多個物理捲建立為一個捲組

-l:捲組上允許建立的最大邏輯卷數
-p:捲組中允許新增的最大物理卷數
-s:捲組上的物理卷的PE大小

[root@localhost ~]# vgcreate class /dev/sd{b,c}1
  Volume group "class" successfully created

vgdisplay#

  • 顯示系統中各卷組的詳細資訊
[root@localhost ~]# vgdisplay
  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               class
  System ID
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        2
  Metadata Sequence No  1
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                0
  Open LV               0
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                2
  Act PV                2
  VG Size               39.99 GiB
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              10238
  Alloc PE / Size       0 / 0
  Free  PE / Size       10238 / 39.99 GiB
  VG UUID               ZtQvGX-YOdy-U8wj-mGQs-TT1e-1PBR-dBNKAG

  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               centos
  System ID
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        1
  Metadata Sequence No  3
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                2
  Open LV               2
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                1
  Act PV                1
  VG Size               <19.00 GiB
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              4863
  Alloc PE / Size       4863 / <19.00 GiB
  Free  PE / Size       0 / 0
  VG UUID               bLPJGb-SQQ3-KcUb-OSdo-qaMR-9hJE-MTkc7a

vgremove#

  • 刪除指定的卷組

TIPS:捲組下面的邏輯卷沒有被掛載使用,捲組刪除時會一併刪除下面的邏輯卷。

[root@localhost ~]# vgremove class
  Volume group "class" successfully removed

vgextend#

  • 新增新的物理卷,動態擴充套件卷組的磁碟空間
[root@localhost ~]# vgextend class /dev/sdd1
  Volume group "class" successfully extended

vgreduce#

  • 刪除捲組中的物理卷,減少捲組容量,

-a:如果命令列中沒有指定要刪除的物理卷,則刪除所有的空物理卷。(all)

TIPS:刪除啊前確保對應的物理卷沒有在使用,就是下面沒有邏輯卷,否則刪除不了。

[root@localhost ~]# vgreduce class /dev/sdd1
  Removed "/dev/sdd1" from volume group "class"
[root@localhost ~]# vgreduce -a class
  Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" still in use
  Physical volume "/dev/sdc1" still in use
  Removed "/dev/sdd1" from volume group "class"

LV 管理#

lvscan#

  • 掃描系統中已建立的LVM邏輯卷
[root@localhost ~]# lvscan
  ACTIVE            '/dev/class/stu01' [25.00 GiB] inherit
  ACTIVE            '/dev/class/stu02' [14.99 GiB] inherit
  ACTIVE            '/dev/centos/swap' [2.00 GiB] inherit
  ACTIVE            '/dev/centos/root' [<17.00 GiB] inherit

lvcreate#

  • 從指定的卷組中分割空間,建立新的邏輯卷

-L:指定邏輯卷的大小,單位為KMGT
-l:指定百分比建立,如50%vg卷組的一半空間、100%free所有剩下的。
-n:指定邏輯卷的名稱

[root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -L 15G -n stu01 class
  Logical volume "stu01" created.
[root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -l 100%free -n stu02 class
  Logical volume "stu02" created.

lvdisplay#

  • 顯示邏輯卷的詳細資訊
[root@localhost ~]# lvdisplay
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/class/stu01
  LV Name                stu01
  VG Name                class
  LV UUID                XUP7dq-IM9f-PdKk-XpDH-J1hx-kkuB-cOu3Qx
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2019-08-24 09:42:35 +0800
  LV Status              available
  # open                 0
  LV Size                25.00 GiB
  Current LE             6400
  Segments               2
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:2

  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/class/stu02
  LV Name                stu02
  VG Name                class
  LV UUID                P7iMC1-X0oT-6TCH-vLYj-HW2j-6QMu-rS7Jyp
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2019-08-24 09:59:30 +0800
  LV Status              available
  # open                 0
  LV Size                14.99 GiB
  Current LE             3838
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:3

  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/centos/swap
  LV Name                swap
  VG Name                centos
  LV UUID                NXiaXT-T6yv-ktM2-plyS-j6Hg-hkvu-1JQ2eL
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time localhost, 2019-08-16 17:12:19 +0800
  LV Status              available
  # open                 2
  LV Size                2.00 GiB
  Current LE             512
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:1

  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/centos/root
  LV Name                root
  VG Name                centos
  LV UUID                7FnsfT-B8xi-3vgu-8N0k-nzNn-8Rra-eoE4iC
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time localhost, 2019-08-16 17:12:19 +0800
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                <17.00 GiB
  Current LE             4351
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:0

lvremove#

  • 刪除指定的邏輯卷

TIPS:備份資料,解掛載,刪除。

[root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt/stu02/
[root@localhost ~]# lvremove /dev/class/stu02

lvextend#

  • 動態擴充套件LVM邏輯卷的空間大小

-L:指定擴充套件邏輯卷的大小,單位為KMGT
-l:指定百分比擴建,如100%free所有剩下的。

[root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L +8G /dev/class/stu01
[root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L +8G /dev/class/stu02

TIPS:已掛載,使用線上調整大小,xfs使用xfs_growfsext4使用resize2fs

[root@localhost ~]# xfs_growfs /dev/class/stu01
[root@localhost ~]# resize2fs /dev/class/stu02

lvreduce#

  • 減少LVM邏輯卷的空間大小,

-L:指定邏輯卷的大小,單位為KMGT

TIPS:對於xfs檔案系統,備份資料,解掛載,減少空間,強制格式化,重新掛載。需要注意xfs檔案系統只能擴大,不能縮小,非要縮小的話,只有縮小後並強制格式化,但這麼做資料就丟失了。

[root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt/stu01/
[root@localhost ~]# lvreduce -L -10G /dev/class/stu01
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs -f /dev/class/stu01
[root@localhost ~]# mount -a
[root@localhost ~]# df -hT

TIPS:對於ext4這類檔案系統,備份資料,解掛載,e2fsck -f檢查檔案系統完整性,resize2fs設定檔案系統大小,lvreduce設定邏輯卷大小,重新掛載。

[root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt/stu02/
[root@localhost ~]# e2fsck -f /dev/class/stu02
[root@localhost ~]# resize2fs /dev/class/stu02 10G
[root@localhost ~]# lvreduce -L 10G /dev/class/stu02
[root@localhost ~]# mount -a
[root@localhost ~]# df -hT

LVM 實驗#

建立 LVM 邏輯卷#

1.新增兩塊20G的磁碟,重新啟動機器,並對其進行分割區,全部空間分為一個主分割區,型別改為Linux LVM,ID為8e。分割區過程省略,不清楚可參考上一篇部落格。

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sd{b,c} | grep -i "linux lvm"
/dev/sdb1            2048    41943039    20970496   8e  Linux LVM
/dev/sdc1            2048    41943039    20970496   8e  Linux LVM

2.將/dev/sdb1/dev/sdc1轉換為物理卷。

[root@localhost ~]# pvcreate /dev/sd{b,c}1
  Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created.
  Physical volume "/dev/sdc1" successfully created.

3.建立名稱為class的卷組,並將sdb1sdc1新增進捲組。

[root@localhost ~]# vgcreate class /dev/sd{b,c}1
  Volume group "class" successfully created

4.劃分大小為15G,名稱為stu01的邏輯卷,然後再擴容10G;剩下的空間建立名稱為stu02的邏輯卷。

[root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -L 15G -n stu01 class
  Logical volume "stu01" created.
[root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L +10G /dev/class/stu01
  Size of logical volume class/stu01 changed from 15.00 GiB (3840 extents) to 25.00 GiB (6400 extents).
  Logical volume class/stu01 successfully resized.
[root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -l 100%free -n stu02 class
  Logical volume "stu02" created.

5.格式化邏輯卷,stu01xfsstu02ext4,設定自動掛載,掛載後就可以使用了。

[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/class/stu01
meta-data=/dev/class/stu01       isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=1638400 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0, sparse=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=6553600, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=3200, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/class/stu02
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
983040 inodes, 3930112 blocks
196505 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=2151677952
120 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
        32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208

Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /mnt/stu0{1,2}
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab
//最後面新增下面兩行內容
/dev/class/stu01        /mnt/stu01      xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/class/stu02        /mnt/stu02      ext4    defaults        0 0
[root@localhost ~]# mount -a
[root@localhost ~]# df -hT
Filesystem              Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root xfs        17G  927M   17G   6% /
devtmpfs                devtmpfs  901M     0  901M   0% /dev
tmpfs                   tmpfs     912M     0  912M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                   tmpfs     912M  8.7M  904M   1% /run
tmpfs                   tmpfs     912M     0  912M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1               xfs      1014M  143M  872M  15% /boot
tmpfs                   tmpfs     183M     0  183M   0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/class-stu01 xfs        25G   33M   25G   1% /mnt/stu01
/dev/mapper/class-stu02 ext4       15G   41M   14G   1% /mnt/stu02

擴容 LVM 邏輯卷#

1.再新增一塊20G的磁碟,重新啟動機器,並對其進行分割區,全部空間分為一個主分割區,型別改為Linux LVM,ID為8e

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sd{b..d} | grep -i "linux lvm"
/dev/sdb1            2048    41943039    20970496   8e  Linux LVM
/dev/sdc1            2048    41943039    20970496   8e  Linux LVM
/dev/sdd1            2048    41943039    20970496   8e  Linux LVM

2.將/dev/sdd1轉換為物理卷。

[root@localhost ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdd1
  Physical volume "/dev/sdd1" successfully created.

3.若是捲組剩餘空間不夠,就要先對class捲組進行擴容。

[root@localhost ~]# vgdisplay class
  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               class
  System ID
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        2
  Metadata Sequence No  6
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                2
  Open LV               2
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                2
  Act PV                2
  VG Size               39.99 GiB
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              10238
  Alloc PE / Size       10238 / 39.99 GiB
  Free  PE / Size       0 / 0
  VG UUID               iB1h9h-2uQa-rD7o-GBVK-pOCA-ek2c-TXieLr
[root@localhost ~]# vgextend class /dev/sdd1
  Volume group "class" successfully extended
[root@localhost ~]# vgdisplay class
  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               class
  System ID
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        3
  Metadata Sequence No  7
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                2
  Open LV               2
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                3
  Act PV                3
  VG Size               <59.99 GiB
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              15357
  Alloc PE / Size       10238 / 39.99 GiB
  Free  PE / Size       5119 / <20.00 GiB
  VG UUID               iB1h9h-2uQa-rD7o-GBVK-pOCA-ek2c-TXieLr

4.對stu01stu02都擴容8G,分別使用xfs_growfsresize2fs線上調整大小。

[root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L +8G /dev/class/stu01
  Size of logical volume class/stu01 changed from 25.00 GiB (6400 extents) to 33.00 GiB (8448 extents).
  Logical volume class/stu01 successfully resized.
[root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L +8G /dev/class/stu02
  Size of logical volume class/stu02 changed from 14.99 GiB (3838 extents) to 22.99 GiB (5886 extents).
  Logical volume class/stu02 successfully resized.
[root@localhost ~]# xfs_growfs /dev/class/stu01
meta-data=/dev/mapper/class-stu01 isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=1638400 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0 spinodes=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=6553600, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal               bsize=4096   blocks=3200, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
data blocks changed from 6553600 to 8650752
[root@localhost ~]# resize2fs /dev/class/stu02
resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem at /dev/class/stu02 is mounted on /mnt/stu02; on-line resizing required
old_desc_blocks = 2, new_desc_blocks = 3
The filesystem on /dev/class/stu02 is now 6027264 blocks long.
[root@localhost ~]# df -hT
Filesystem              Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root xfs        17G  927M   17G   6% /
devtmpfs                devtmpfs  901M     0  901M   0% /dev
tmpfs                   tmpfs     912M     0  912M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                   tmpfs     912M  8.7M  903M   1% /run
tmpfs                   tmpfs     912M     0  912M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1               xfs      1014M  143M  872M  15% /boot
/dev/mapper/class-stu01 xfs        33G   33M   33G   1% /mnt/stu01
/dev/mapper/class-stu02 ext4       23G   44M   22G   1% /mnt/stu02
tmpfs                   tmpfs     183M     0  183M   0% /run/user/0

收縮 LVM 邏輯卷#

關於收縮 LVM 邏輯卷,可以參考上面的命令lvreduce。這會涉及到資料安全性問題,謹慎使用。


總結#

內容不多,但是還要實際操作才能了解。就是三步走,建立物理卷,建立卷組,建立邏輯卷,然後格式化並掛載使用。擴容的話,沒有掛載使用,就正常擴,然後格式化掛載,已經掛載使用了,擴容後線上調整生效。還有下一篇關於磁碟配額。


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