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SQL Server中函數、儲存過程與觸發器的用法

2022-04-09 19:00:56

一、函數

函數分為(1)系統函數,(2)自定義函數。

其中自定義函數又可以分為(1)標量值函數(返回單個值),(2)表值函數(返回查詢結果)

本文主要介紹自定義函數的使用。

(1)編寫一個函數求該銀行的金額總和

create function GetSumCardMoney()
returns money 
as
begin
	declare @AllMOney money
	select @AllMOney = (select SUM(CardMoney) from BankCard)
	return @AllMOney
end

函數呼叫

select dbo.GetSumCardMoney()

上述函數沒有引數,下面介紹有引數的函數的定義及使用

(2)傳入賬戶編號,返回賬戶真實姓名

create function GetNameById(@AccountId int)
returns  varchar(20)
as
begin
	declare @RealName varchar(20)
	select @RealName = (select RealName from AccountInfo where AccountId = @AccountId)
	return @RealName
end

函數呼叫

print dbo.GetNameById(2)

(3)傳遞開始時間和結束時間,返回交易記錄(存錢取錢),交易記錄中包含 真實姓名,卡號,存錢金額,取錢金額,交易時間。

方案一(邏輯複雜,函數內容除了返回結果的sql語句還有其他內容,例如定義變數等):

create function GetExchangeByTime(@StartTime varchar(30),@EndTime varchar(30))
returns @ExchangeTable table
(
	RealName varchar(30),  --真實姓名
	CardNo varchar(30),    --卡號
	MoneyInBank money,     --存錢金額
	MoneyOutBank money,    --取錢金額
	ExchangeTime smalldatetime  --交易時間
)
as
begin
	insert into @ExchangeTable
	select AccountInfo.RealName,CardExchange.CardNo,CardExchange.MoneyInBank,
	CardExchange.MoneyOutBank,CardExchange.ExchangeTime from CardExchange
	left join BankCard on CardExchange.CardNo = BankCard.CardNo
	left join AccountInfo on BankCard.AccountId = AccountInfo.AccountId
	where CardExchange.ExchangeTime between @StartTime+' 00:00:00' and @EndTime+' 23:59:59'
	return
end

函數呼叫

select * from GetExchangeByTime('2018-6-1','2018-7-1')

方案二(邏輯簡單,函數內容直接是一條sql查詢語句):

create function GetExchangeByTime(@StartTime varchar(30),@EndTime varchar(30))
returns table
as
	return
	select AccountInfo.RealName,CardExchange.CardNo,CardExchange.MoneyInBank,
	CardExchange.MoneyOutBank,CardExchange.ExchangeTime from CardExchange
	left join BankCard on CardExchange.CardNo = BankCard.CardNo
	left join AccountInfo on BankCard.AccountId = AccountInfo.AccountId
	where CardExchange.ExchangeTime between @StartTime+' 00:00:00' and @EndTime+' 23:59:59'
go

函數呼叫:

select * from GetExchangeByTime('2018-6-19','2018-6-19')

(4)查詢銀行卡資訊,將銀行卡狀態1,2,3,4分別轉換為漢字“正常,掛失,凍結,登出”,根據銀行卡餘額顯示銀行卡等級 30萬以下為“普通使用者”,30萬及以上為"VIP使用者",分別顯示卡號,身份證,姓名,餘額,使用者等級,銀行卡狀態。

方案一:直接在sql語句中使用case when

select * from AccountInfo
select * from BankCard
select CardNo 卡號,AccountCode 身份證,RealName 姓名,CardMoney 餘額,
case
	when CardMoney < 300000 then '普通使用者'
	else 'VIP使用者' 
end 使用者等級,
case
	when CardState = 1 then '正常'
	when CardState = 2 then '掛失'
	when CardState = 3 then '凍結'
	when CardState = 4 then '登出'
	else '異常'
end 卡狀態
from BankCard inner join AccountInfo on BankCard.AccountId = AccountInfo.AccountId

方案二:將等級和狀態用函數實現

create function GetGradeByMoney(@myMoney int)
returns varchar(10)
as
begin
	declare @result varchar(10)
	if @myMoney < 3000 
		set @result = '普通使用者'
	else
		set @result = 'VIP使用者'
	return @result
end
go

create function GetStatusByNumber(@myNum int)
returns varchar(10)
as
begin
	declare @result varchar(10)
	if @myNum = 1
		set @result = '正常'
	else if @myNum = 2
		set @result = '掛失'
	else if @myNum = 3
		set @result = '凍結'
	else if @myNum = 4
		set @result = '登出'
	else
		set @result = '異常'	
	return @result
end
go

函數呼叫實現查詢功能

select CardNo 卡號,AccountCode 身份證,RealName 姓名,CardMoney 餘額,
dbo.GetGradeByMoney(CardMoney) 賬戶等級,dbo.GetStatusByNumber(CardState) 卡狀態
from BankCard inner join AccountInfo on BankCard.AccountId = AccountInfo.AccountId

(5)編寫函數,根據出生日期求年齡,年齡求實歲,例如:

​ 生日為2000-5-5,當前為2018-5-4,年齡為17歲
​ 生日為2000-5-5,當前為2018-5-6,年齡為18歲

測試資料如下:

create table Emp
(
	EmpId int primary key identity(1,2), --自動編號
	empName varchar(20), --姓名
	empSex varchar(4),   --性別
	empBirth smalldatetime --生日
)
insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('劉備','男','2008-5-8')
insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('關羽','男','1998-10-10')
insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('張飛','男','1999-7-5')
insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('趙雲','男','2003-12-12')
insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('馬超','男','2003-1-5')
insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('黃忠','男','1988-8-4')
insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('魏延','男','1998-5-2')
insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('簡雍','男','1992-2-20')
insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('諸葛亮','男','1993-3-1')
insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('徐庶','男','1994-8-5')

函數定義:

create function GetAgeByBirth(@birth smalldatetime)
returns int
as
begin
	declare @age int
	set @age = year(getdate()) - year(@birth)
	if month(getdate()) < month(@birth)
		set @age = @age - 1
	if month(getdate()) = month(@birth) and day(getdate()) < day(@birth)
		set @age = @age -1
	return @age
end

函數呼叫實現查詢

select *,dbo.GetAgeByBirth(empBirth) 年齡 from Emp

二、觸發器

觸發器分類:(1) “Instead of”觸發器(2)“After”觸發器
“Instead of”觸發器:在執行操作之前被執行
“After”觸發器:在執行操作之後被執行

觸發器中後面的案例中需要用到的表及測試資料如下:

--部門
create table Department
(
	DepartmentId varchar(10) primary key , --主鍵,自動增長
	DepartmentName nvarchar(50), --部門名稱
)
--人員資訊
create table People
(
	PeopleId int primary key identity(1,1), --主鍵,自動增長
	DepartmentId varchar(10), --部門編號,外來鍵,與部門表關聯
	PeopleName nvarchar(20), --人員姓名
	PeopleSex nvarchar(2), --人員性別
	PeoplePhone nvarchar(20), --電話,聯絡方式
)
insert into Department(DepartmentId,DepartmentName)
values('001','總經辦')
insert into Department(DepartmentId,DepartmentName)
values('002','市場部')
insert into Department(DepartmentId,DepartmentName)
values('003','人事部')
insert into Department(DepartmentId,DepartmentName)
values('004','財務部')
insert into Department(DepartmentId,DepartmentName)
values('005','軟體部')
insert into People(DepartmentId,PeopleName,PeopleSex,PeoplePhone)
values('001','劉備','男','13558785478')
insert into People(DepartmentId,PeopleName,PeopleSex,PeoplePhone)
values('001','關羽','男','13558788785')
insert into People(DepartmentId,PeopleName,PeopleSex,PeoplePhone)
values('002','張飛','男','13698547125')

(1)假設有部門表和員工表,在新增員工的時候,該員工的部門編號如果在部門表中找不到,則自動新增部門資訊,部門名稱為"新部門"。

編寫觸發器:

create trigger tri_InsertPeople on People
after insert
as
if not exists(select * from Department where DepartmentId = (select DepartmentId from inserted))
	insert into Department(DepartmentId,DepartmentName)
	values((select DepartmentId from inserted),'新部門')
go

測試觸發器:

insert People(DepartmentId,PeopleName,PeopleSex,PeoplePhone)
values('009','趙雲','男','13854587456')

我們會發現,當插入趙雲這個員工的時候會自動向部門表中新增資料。

(2)觸發器實現,刪除一個部門的時候將部門下所有員工全部刪除。

編寫觸發器:

create trigger tri_DeleteDept on Department
after delete
as
delete from People where People.DepartmentId = 
(select DepartmentId from deleted)
go

測試觸發器:

delete Department where DepartmentId = '001'

我們會發現當我們刪除此部門的時候,同時會刪除該部門下的所有員工

(3)建立一個觸發器,刪除一個部門的時候判斷該部門下是否有員工,有則不刪除,沒有則刪除。

編寫觸發器:

drop trigger tri_DeleteDept	--刪除掉之前的觸發器,因為當前觸發器也叫這個名字
create trigger tri_DeleteDept on Department
Instead of delete
as
  if not exists(select * from People where DepartmentId = (select DepartmentId from deleted))
  begin
	delete from Department where DepartmentId = (select DepartmentId from deleted)
  end
go

測試觸發器:

delete Department where DepartmentId = '001'
delete Department where DepartmentId = '002'
delete Department where DepartmentId = '003'

我們會發現,當部門下沒有員工的部門資訊可以成功刪除,而部門下有員工的部門並沒有被刪除。

(4)修改一個部門編號之後,將該部門下所有員工的部門編號同步進行修改

編寫觸發器:

create trigger tri_UpdateDept on Department
after update
as
	update People set DepartmentId = (select DepartmentId from inserted)
	where DepartmentId = (select DepartmentId from deleted)
go

測試觸發器:

update Department set DepartmentId = 'zjb001' where DepartmentId='001'

我們會發現不但部門資訊表中的部門編號進行了修改,員工資訊表中部門編號為001的資訊也被一起修改了。

三、儲存過程

儲存過程(Procedure)是SQL語句和流程控制語句的預編譯集合。

(1)沒有輸入引數,沒有輸出引數的儲存過程。

定義儲存過程實現查詢出賬戶餘額最低的銀行卡賬戶資訊,顯示銀行卡號,姓名,賬戶餘額

--方案一
create proc proc_MinMoneyCard
as
    select top 1 CardNo 銀行卡號,RealName 姓名,CardMoney 餘額
    from BankCard inner join AccountInfo on BankCard.AccountId = AccountInfo.AccountId
    order by CardMoney asc
go

--方案二:(餘額最低,有多個人則顯示結果是多個)
create proc proc_MinMoneyCard
as
    select CardNo 銀行卡號,RealName 姓名,CardMoney 餘額
    from BankCard inner join AccountInfo on BankCard.AccountId = AccountInfo.AccountId
    where CardMoney=(select MIN(CardMoney) from BankCard)
go

執行儲存過程:

exec proc_MinMoneyCard

(2)有輸入引數,沒有輸出引數的儲存過程

模擬銀行卡存錢操作,傳入銀行卡號,存錢金額,實現存錢操作

create proc proc_CunQian
@CardNo varchar(30),
@MoneyInBank money
as
    update BankCard set CardMoney = CardMoney + @MoneyInBank where CardNo = @CardNo
    insert into CardExchange(CardNo,MoneyInBank,MoneyOutBank,ExchangeTime)
    values(@CardNo,@MoneyInBank,0,GETDATE())
--go

執行儲存過程:

exec proc_CunQian '6225125478544587',3000

(3)有輸入引數,沒有輸出引數,但是有返回值的儲存過程(返回值必須整數)。

模擬銀行卡取錢操作,傳入銀行卡號,取錢金額,實現取錢操作,取錢成功,返回1,取錢失敗返回-1

create proc proc_QuQian
@CardNo varchar(30),
@MoneyOutBank money
as
    update BankCard set CardMoney = CardMoney - @MoneyOutBank where CardNo = @CardNo
    if @@ERROR <> 0
        return -1
    insert into CardExchange(CardNo,MoneyInBank,MoneyOutBank,ExchangeTime)
    values(@CardNo,0,@MoneyOutBank,GETDATE())
    return 1
go

執行儲存過程:

declare @returnValue int
exec @returnValue = proc_QuQian '662018092100000002',1000000
print @returnValue

(4)有輸入引數,有輸出引數的儲存過程

查詢出某時間段的銀行存取款資訊以及存款總金額,取款總金額,傳入開始時間,結束時間,顯示存取款交易資訊的同時,返回存款總金額,取款總金額。

create proc proc_SelectExchange
    @startTime varchar(20),  --開始時間
    @endTime varchar(20),    --結束時間
    @SumIn money output,     --存款總金額
    @SumOut money output    --取款總金額
as
select @SumIn = (select SUM(MoneyInBank) from CardExchange 
				where ExchangeTime between @startTime+' 00:00:00' and @endTime+' 23:59:59')
select @SumOut = (select SUM(MoneyOutBank) from CardExchange 
				where ExchangeTime between @startTime+' 00:00:00' and @endTime+' 23:59:59')
select * from CardExchange 
where ExchangeTime between @startTime+' 00:00:00' and @endTime+' 23:59:59'
go

執行儲存過程:

declare @SumIn money     --存款總金額
declare @SumOut money   --取款總金額
exec proc_SelectExchange '2018-1-1','2018-12-31',@SumIn output,@SumOut output
select @SumIn
select @SumOut

(5)具有同時輸入輸出引數的儲存過程

密碼升級,傳入使用者名稱和密碼,如果使用者名稱密碼正確,並且密碼長度<8,自動升級成8位元密碼

--有輸入輸出引數(密碼作為輸入引數也作為輸出引數)
--密碼升級,傳入使用者名稱和密碼,如果使用者名稱密碼正確,並且密碼長度<8,自動升級成8位元密碼
select FLOOR(RAND()*10) --0-9之間亂數
create proc procPwdUpgrade
@cardno nvarchar(20),
@pwd nvarchar(20) output
as
	if not exists(select * from BankCard where CardNo=@cardno and CardPwd=@pwd)
		set @pwd = ''
	else
	begin
		if len(@pwd) < 8
		begin
			declare @len int = 8- len(@pwd)
			declare @i int = 1
			while @i <= @len
			begin
				
				set @pwd = @pwd + cast(FLOOR(RAND()*10) as varchar(1))
				set @i = @i+1
			end
			update BankCard set CardPwd = @pwd where CardNo=@cardno
		end
	end
go
declare @pwd nvarchar(20) = '123456'
exec procPwdUpgrade '6225547854125656',@pwd output
select @pwd

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