詳解python中mongoengine庫用法

2022-07-25 14:02:33

一、MongoDB的安裝與連線

安裝：pip install mongoengine

連線mongodb資料庫

from pymongo import MongoClient
cli = MongoClient('192.168.124.104', 27017)
mongodb = cli['test']
print(mongodb)

from mongoengine import connect
#  連線到User資料庫
connect('user', host='192.168.124.104', port=27017)

二、MongoEngine模型介紹

2.1、ODM模型介紹

from mongoengine import Document, StringField
class User(Document):
    email = StringField(required=True)
    first_name = StringField(max_length=50)
    last_name = StringField(max_length=50)

2.2、常見資料型別

2.3、資料型別通用引數

db_field：檔案中的field/域/列名稱
required：是否為必填項
default：預設值
unique：唯一性約束
choices：可選擇的列表
primary_key：是否為檔案的主鍵，預設為False

2.4、類屬性meta常見設定項

類屬性，其設定項為python的dict（字典）

from mongoengine import Document, StringField
class User(Document):
    email = StringField(required=True)
    first_name = StringField(max_length=50)
    last_name = StringField(max_length=50)
    meta = {
    }

常見的設定項：

db_alias：指定檔案所在的資料庫（邏輯庫）
collection：指定檔案所在的集合
ordering：指定檔案的預設排序規則
indexes：指定檔案的索引規則

2.5、檔案的巢狀模型

學生資訊資料字典

檔案的巢狀場景

情況一，陣列-簡單資料型別：{'grades': [76, 51, 84]}

from mongoengine import Document, IntField, ListField
class Student(Document):
    grade = ListField(IntField())

情況二，單個檔案：{'grade': {'course_name': '語文', 'score': 76}}

from mongoengine import Document, StringField, IntField, ListField, EmbeddedDocument, EmbeddedDocumentField
#  自定義型別
class CourseGrade(EmbeddedDocument):
    course_name = StringField()
    score = IntField()
class Student(Document):
    grade = EmbeddedDocumentField(CourseGrade)

情況三，陣列-檔案：{'grades': [{'score': 76}, {'score': 51}]}

from mongoengine import Document, IntField, ListField, EmbeddedDocument, EmbeddedDocumentField
#  自定義型別
class CourseGrade(EmbeddedDocument):
    score = IntField()
class Student(Document):
    grade = ListField(EmbeddedDocumentField(CourseGrade))

完整程式碼：

from mongoengine import Document, connect, EnumField, StringField, IntField, ListField, EmbeddedDocument, 
    EmbeddedDocumentField
from enum import Enum
#  連線到User資料庫
connect('user', host='192.168.124.104', port=27017)
class SexEnum(Enum):
    MAN = '男'
    WOMAN = '女'
class CourseGrade(EmbeddedDocument):
    """成績資訊（科目、老師、成績）-被巢狀的檔案"""
    course_name = StringField(max_length=64, required=True, verbose_name='科目')
    teacher = StringField(max_length=16, verbose_name='老師')
    score = IntField(min_value=0, max_value=150, required=True, verbose_name='成績')
    def __repr__(self):
        return f"CourseGrade({self.course_name},{self.score})"
    def __str__(self):
        return self.__repr__()
class Student(Document):
    """學生資訊"""
    # verbose_name 自定義引數，用於顯示定義域的名稱
    stu_no = IntField(required=True, unique=True, verbose_name='學號')
    stu_name = StringField(required=True, max_length=16, verbose_name='姓名')
    sex = EnumField(enum=SexEnum, verbose_name='性別')
    class_name = StringField(max_length=10, verbose_name='班級')
    address = StringField(max_length=255, verbose_name='家庭住址')
    phone_no = StringField(max_length=11, verbose_name='電話號碼')
    age = IntField(min_value=0, max_value=150, verbose_name='年齡')
    grades = ListField(EmbeddedDocumentField(CourseGrade), verbose_name='成績陣列')
    meta = {
        #  指定檔案的集合
        'collection': 'students',
        #  指定排序，可以指定多個域。例如：'age':根據年齡升序，'-age'：根據年齡降序
        'ordering': ['-age']
    }
    def __repr__(self):
        return f'Grade({self.stu_no}, {self.stu_name})'
    def __str__(self):
        return self.__repr__()
class Grade(Document):
    """學生成績"""
    # verbose_name 自定義引數，用於顯示定義域的名稱
    stu_no = IntField(required=True, verbose_name="學號")
    stu_name = StringField(required=True, max_length=16, verbose_name='姓名')
    sex = EnumField(enum=SexEnum, verbose_name='性別')
    class_name = StringField(max_length=10, verbose_name='班級')
    address = StringField(max_length=255, verbose_name='家庭住址')
    phone_no = StringField(max_length=11, verbose_name='電話號碼')
    age = IntField(min_value=0, max_value=150, verbose_name='年齡')
    grade = EmbeddedDocumentField(CourseGrade, verbose_name='成績')
    meta = {
        # 指定檔案的集合
        'collection': 'grades',
        # 指定排序，可以指定多個域。例如：'age':根據年齡升序，'-age'：根據年齡降序
        'ordering': ['-age']
    }
    def __repr__(self):
        return f'Grade({self.stu_no}, {self.stu_name})'
    def __str__(self):
        return self.__repr__()

三、新增資料

新增資料一般有兩種方式：

3.1、方式一

一般步驟：

第一步，構造ODM模型類物件：user=User(username='張三')
第二步，驗證資料：user.validate()
第三步，儲存資料：user.save()

模型中的驗

內建的驗證器，如max_length, min_value
自定義驗證器

模型中自定義驗證方法範例程式碼如下：

import re
from mongoengine import StringField
from mongoengine.errors import ValidationError
def phone_required(value):
    pattern = r'^1[0-9][10]$'
    if not re.search(pattern, value):
        raise ValidationError('請輸入正確的手機號')
phone_no = StringField(validation=phone_required)

方式一範例程式碼：

import random
from model import Student, Grade, SexEnum, CourseGrade
class LearnMongoDBEngine(object):
 
    def __init__(self, info):
        self.info = info
        print(self.info)
 
    def add_one_student(self):
        """新增一個學生資訊"""
        student = Student(
            stu_no=random.randint(3000, 9999999),
            stu_name=self.info['name'],
            sex=random.choice([SexEnum.MAN, SexEnum.WOMAN]),
            class_name='六年級三班',
            address=self.info['address'],
            phone_no=self.info['phone'],
            age=random.randint(10, 15),
            grades=[
                CourseGrade(course_name='語文', teacher=self.info['teacher'], score=random.randint(1, 100)),
                CourseGrade(course_name='數學', teacher=self.info['teacher'], score=random.randint(1, 100)),
                CourseGrade(course_name='英語', teacher=self.info['teacher'], score=random.randint(1, 100)),
            ]
        )
        print(student, student.grades)
        result = student.save()
        return result
if __name__ == '__main__':
    info = {'name': '鐵扇公主', 'address': '北京市朝陽區', 'phone': '19121741234', 'teacher': '王老師'}
 
    obj = LearnMongoDBEngine(info)
    obj.add_one_student()

mongodb資料庫中插入的資料：

3.2、方式二：使用create()方法

User.objects.create(**kwargs)

範例程式碼：

import random
from model import Student, Grade, SexEnum, CourseGrade
class LearnMongoDBEngine(object):
    def __init__(self, info):
        self.info = info
        print(self.info)
    def add_one_student(self):
        """新增一個學生資訊"""
        result = Student.objects.create(
            stu_no=random.randint(3000, 9999999),
            stu_name=self.info['name'],
            sex=random.choice([SexEnum.MAN, SexEnum.WOMAN]),
            class_name='六年級三班',
            address=self.info['address'],
            phone_no=self.info['phone'],
            age=random.randint(10, 15),
            grades=[
                CourseGrade(course_name='語文', teacher=self.info['teacher'], score=random.randint(1, 100)),
                CourseGrade(course_name='數學', teacher=self.info['teacher'], score=random.randint(1, 100)),
                CourseGrade(course_name='英語', teacher=self.info['teacher'], score=random.randint(1, 100)),
            ]
        )
        # student = Student(
        #     stu_no=random.randint(3000, 9999999),
        #     stu_name=self.info['name'],
        #     sex=random.choice([SexEnum.MAN, SexEnum.WOMAN]),
        #     class_name='六年級三班',
        #     address=self.info['address'],
        #     phone_no=self.info['phone'],
        #     age=random.randint(10, 15),
        #     grades=[
        #         CourseGrade(course_name='語文', teacher=self.info['teacher'], score=random.randint(1, 100)),
        #         CourseGrade(course_name='數學', teacher=self.info['teacher'], score=random.randint(1, 100)),
        #         CourseGrade(course_name='英語', teacher=self.info['teacher'], score=random.randint(1, 100)),
        #     ]
        # )
        print(result, result.grades)
        # result = student.save()
        return result
if __name__ == '__main__':
    info = {'name': '盧俊義', 'address': '上海市浦東新區', 'phone': '18721741234', 'teacher': '張老師'}
    obj = LearnMongoDBEngine(info)
    obj.add_one_student()

mongodb資料庫中插入的資料：

四、查詢資料

結果集QuerySet的獲取：User.objects，User是模型物件

常用的查詢方法：

all()：查詢所有檔案
filter()：按照條件查詢
count()：滿足條件的檔案數
sum()/average()：求和/求平均數
order_by()：排序
.skip().limit()：分頁

4.1、單個檔案查詢

first()：沒有檔案則返回None，User.objects.first()
get(**kwargs)

多個檔案時，異常：MultipleObjectsReturned
沒有檔案時，異常：DoesNotExist
僅有一個檔案時：返回ODM物件

範例程式碼：

from model import Student
class LearnMongoDBEngine(object):
    def get_one_student(self):
        """查詢一個學生的資訊"""
        student_info = Student.objects.first()
        print(student_info, student_info.id, student_info.stu_name, student_info.address)
        return student_info
    def get_all_student(self):
        """查詢所有學生的資訊"""
        student_all_info = Student.objects.all()
        print(student_all_info)
        return student_all_info
    def get_student_by_id(self, pk: str):
        """根據學生的id查詢"""
        student_info_id = Student.objects.get(id=pk)
        print(student_info_id)
        return student_info_id
if __name__ == '__main__':
    obj = LearnMongoDBEngine()
    obj.get_one_student()
    obj.get_all_student()
    obj.get_student_by_id('62dcd1f1a0da9e5521e73223')

執行結果：

4.2、條件查詢

1）比較運運算元

在MongoEngine中使用雙下劃線(__)分割。比如：age__gt=12，表示年齡大於12的學生資訊。

2）MongoEngine中的字串查詢【i表示不區分大小寫】

3）多個條件組合查詢

Q函數的使用：from mongoengine.queryset.visitor import Q
多個條件同時滿足：Student.objects.filter(Q(key1=value1) & Q(key2=value2))
多個條件部分滿足：Student.objects.filter(Q(key1=value1) | Q(key2=value2))

from mongoengine.queryset.visitor import Q
from model import Student, Grade, SexEnum
class LearnMongoDBEngine(object):
    def get_one_student(self):
        """查詢一個學生的資訊"""
        student_info = Student.objects.first()
        print(student_info, student_info.id, student_info.stu_name, student_info.address)
        return student_info
    def get_all_student(self):
        """查詢所有學生的資訊"""
        student_all_info = Student.objects.all()
        print(student_all_info)
        return student_all_info
    def get_student_by_id(self, pk: str):
        """根據學生的id查詢"""
        student_info_id = Student.objects.get(id=pk)
        print(student_info_id)
        return student_info_id
    def get_student_1(self):
        """獲取大於12歲的學生資訊"""
        result = Student.objects.filter(age__gt=12)
        print(result)
        return result
    def get_student_2(self):
        """獲取所有姓李的學生"""
        result = Student.objects.filter(stu_name__startswith='李')
        print(result)
        return result
    def get_student_3(self):
        """查詢年齡在9~12之間（含）的學生資訊"""
        # SELECT * FROM school_student_info WHERE age BETWEEN 9 AND 12;
        # db.students.find({'age': {'$gte': 9, '$lte': 12}})
        result = Student.objects.filter(Q(age__gte=9) & Q(age__lte=12))
        print(result)
        return result
    def get_student_4(self):
        """查詢所有12歲以上的男生和9歲以下的女生"""
        result = Student.objects.filter(Q(age__gt=12, sex=SexEnum.MAN) | Q(age__lt=9, sex=SexEnum.WOMAN))
        print(result)
        return result
    def get_grade(self):
        """查詢大於等於60分的學生成績資訊"""
        result = Student.objects.filter(grades__score__gte=80)  # 注意這兒寫法
        print(result)
        for i in result:
            print(i.grades)
        return result
if __name__ == '__main__':
    obj = LearnMongoDBEngine()
    obj.get_one_student()
    obj.get_student_1()
    obj.get_student_2()
    obj.get_student_3()
    obj.get_student_4()
    obj.get_grade()

執行結果：【注意：列印資訊是由model中__call__函數設定決定的】

4.3、聚合統計

滿足條件的檔案數：User.objects.count()，所有的結果集都可以使用
求和/平均數：User.objects.filter().sum(field) / User.objects.filter().average(field)

from mongoengine.queryset.visitor import Q
from model import Student, Grade, SexEnum
class LearnMongoDBEngine(object):
    def get_student_4(self):
        """查詢所有12歲以上的男生和9歲以下的女生"""
        result = Student.objects.filter(Q(age__gt=12, sex=SexEnum.MAN) | Q(age__lt=9, sex=SexEnum.WOMAN))
        print(result)
        return result
 
    def get_student_5(self):
        """查詢所有12歲以上的男生和9歲以下的女生總數"""
        result = Student.objects.filter(Q(age__gt=12, sex=SexEnum.MAN) | Q(age__lt=9, sex=SexEnum.WOMAN)).count()
        print(result)
        return result
 
    def get_man_sex(self):
        """統計性別為男的總人數，並求出其平均年齡和總年齡"""
        queryset = Student.objects.filter(sex='男')
        print(queryset)
        man_num_count = queryset.count()
        print(man_num_count)
        man_avg_age = queryset.average('age')
        print(man_avg_age)
        man_sum_age = queryset.sum('age')
        print(man_sum_age)
        return man_avg_age, man_sum_age
if __name__ == '__main__':
    obj = LearnMongoDBEngine()
    obj.get_student_4()
    obj.get_student_5()
    obj.get_man_sex()

執行結果：

4.4、排序

-：倒敘排列
(+)：正序排序，預設就是正序
Student.objects().order_by('field1', '-field2')

from mongoengine.queryset.visitor import Q
from model import Student, Grade, SexEnum
class LearnMongoDBEngine(object):
    def get_max_min_age(self):
        """獲取最大年齡和最小年齡的學生資訊"""
        queryset_min_age = Student.objects.order_by('age').first()
        queryset_max_age = Student.objects.order_by('-age').first()
        print(queryset_min_age, queryset_min_age.age)
        print(queryset_max_age, queryset_max_age.age)
 
        return '200 OK'
if __name__ == '__main__':
    obj = LearnMongoDBEngine()
    obj.get_max_min_age()

執行結果：

4.5、分頁處理

方式一，切片方式：User.objects.all()[10:15]
方式二，.skip().limit()：User.objects.skip(10).limit(5)

from mongoengine.queryset.visitor import Q
from model import Student, Grade, SexEnum
class LearnMongoDBEngine(object):
    def paginate(self, page: int = 1, page_size: int = 5):
        """
        分頁處理
        :param page: 當前是第幾頁
        :param page_size: 每頁有多少資料
        :return:
        """
        #  方法一：切片
        start = (page - 1) * page_size
        end = start + page_size
        queryset1 = Student.objects.all()[start:end]
        print(queryset1)
        #  方法二：skip().limit()
        queryset2 = Student.objects.skip(start).limit(page_size)
        print(queryset2)
        return "200 OK"
if __name__ == '__main__':
    obj = LearnMongoDBEngine()
    obj.paginate(1, 6)
    print("*" * 100)
    obj.paginate(1, 3)
    obj.paginate(2, 3)

執行結果：

五、修改和刪除資料

5.1、修改資料

修改資料時一般先過濾資料，再修改

修改一條資料：User.objects.filter().update_one()
批次修改資料：User.objects.filter().update()

from mongoengine.queryset.visitor import Q
from model import Student, Grade, SexEnum
class LearnMongoDBEngine(object):
    def update_one(self):
        """修改一條資料"""
        queryset = Student.objects.filter(stu_no='2438197')
        print(queryset)
        result = queryset.update_one(stu_name='白龍馬', phone_no='16452412564')
        # result = queryset.update_one(stu_name='白龍馬', unset__phone_no=True)
        print(result)
    def update_one_2(self):
        """修改一條資料"""
        queryset = Student.objects.filter(stu_no=3152784).first()
        print(queryset)
        if queryset:
            queryset.stu_name = '沙和尚'
            result = queryset.save()
            print(result)
            return "200 OK"
        else:
            return "error"
    def update_many(self):
        """將年齡10歲的學生年齡加一歲"""
        queryset = Student.objects.filter(age=10)
        print(queryset)
        queryset.update(inc__age=1)
        print(queryset)
        return "200 OK"
if __name__ == '__main__':
    obj = LearnMongoDBEngine()
    obj.update_one()
    obj.update_one_2()
    obj.update_many()

執行結果：

5.2、刪除資料

User.objects.filter().delete()

from mongoengine.queryset.visitor import Q
from model import Student, Grade, SexEnum
class LearnMongoDBEngine(object):
    def delete_data(self):
        """刪除年齡大於13歲的學生"""
        queryset_start = Student.objects.all()
        print(f"刪除前學生總數量：{queryset_start.count()}")
        queryset = Student.objects.filter(age__gt=13)
        print(f'刪除的學生的數量：{queryset.count()}')
        res = queryset.delete()
        print(f"刪除的結果：{res}")
        queryset_end = Student.objects.all()
        print(f"刪除後剩餘學生總數量：{queryset_end.count()}")
if __name__ == '__main__':
    obj = LearnMongoDBEngine()
    obj.delete_data()

執行結果：

附錄：

main.py

import random
from mongoengine.queryset.visitor import Q
from model import Student, Grade, SexEnum, CourseGrade
class LearnMongoDBEngine(object):
    def __init__(self, info):
        self.info = info
        print(self.info)
    def add_one_student(self):
        """新增一個學生資訊"""
        result = Student.objects.create(
            stu_no=random.randint(3000, 9999999),
            stu_name=self.info['name'],
            sex=random.choice([SexEnum.MAN, SexEnum.WOMAN]),
            class_name='六年級三班',
            address=self.info['address'],
            phone_no=self.info['phone'],
            age=random.randint(10, 15),
            grades=[
                CourseGrade(course_name='語文', teacher=self.info['teacher'], score=random.randint(1, 100)),
                CourseGrade(course_name='數學', teacher=self.info['teacher'], score=random.randint(1, 100)),
                CourseGrade(course_name='英語', teacher=self.info['teacher'], score=random.randint(1, 100)),
            ]
        )
        # student = Student(
        #     stu_no=random.randint(3000, 9999999),
        #     stu_name=self.info['name'],
        #     sex=random.choice([SexEnum.MAN, SexEnum.WOMAN]),
        #     class_name='六年級三班',
        #     address=self.info['address'],
        #     phone_no=self.info['phone'],
        #     age=random.randint(10, 15),
        #     grades=[
        #         CourseGrade(course_name='語文', teacher=self.info['teacher'], score=random.randint(1, 100)),
        #         CourseGrade(course_name='數學', teacher=self.info['teacher'], score=random.randint(1, 100)),
        #         CourseGrade(course_name='英語', teacher=self.info['teacher'], score=random.randint(1, 100)),
        #     ]
        # )
        print(result, result.grades)
        # result = student.save()
        return result
    def get_one_student(self):
        """查詢一個學生的資訊"""
        student_info = Student.objects.first()
        print(student_info, student_info.id, student_info.stu_name, student_info.address)
        return student_info
    def get_all_student(self):
        """查詢所有學生的資訊"""
        student_all_info = Student.objects.all()
        print(student_all_info)
        return student_all_info
    def get_student_by_id(self, pk: str):
        """根據學生的id查詢"""
        student_info_id = Student.objects.get(id=pk)
        print(student_info_id)
        return student_info_id
    def get_student_1(self):
        """獲取大於12歲的學生資訊"""
        result = Student.objects.filter(age__gt=12)
        print(result)
        return result
    def get_student_2(self):
        """獲取所有姓李的學生"""
        result = Student.objects.filter(stu_name__startswith='李')
        print(result)
        return result
    def get_student_3(self):
        """查詢年齡在9~12之間（含）的學生資訊"""
        # SELECT * FROM school_student_info WHERE age BETWEEN 9 AND 12;
        # db.students.find({'age': {'$gte': 9, '$lte': 12}})
        result = Student.objects.filter(Q(age__gte=9) & Q(age__lte=12))
        print(result)
        return result
    def get_student_4(self):
        """查詢所有12歲以上的男生和9歲以下的女生"""
        result = Student.objects.filter(Q(age__gt=12, sex=SexEnum.MAN) | Q(age__lt=9, sex=SexEnum.WOMAN))
        print(result)
        return result
    def get_student_5(self):
        """查詢所有12歲以上的男生和9歲以下的女生總數"""
        result = Student.objects.filter(Q(age__gt=12, sex=SexEnum.MAN) | Q(age__lt=9, sex=SexEnum.WOMAN)).count()
        print(result)
        return result
    def get_man_sex(self):
        """統計性別為男的總人數，並求出其平均年齡和總年齡"""
        queryset = Student.objects.filter(sex='男')
        print(queryset)
        man_num_count = queryset.count()
        print(man_num_count)
        man_avg_age = queryset.average('age')
        print(man_avg_age)
        man_sum_age = queryset.sum('age')
        print(man_sum_age)
        return man_avg_age, man_sum_age
    def get_grade(self):
        """查詢大於等於60分的學生成績資訊"""
        result = Student.objects.filter(grades__score__gte=80)  # 注意這兒寫法
        print(result)
        for i in result:
            print(i.grades)
        return result
    def get_max_min_age(self):
        """獲取最大年齡和最小年齡的學生資訊"""
        queryset_min_age = Student.objects.order_by('age').first()
        queryset_max_age = Student.objects.order_by('-age').first()
        print(queryset_min_age, queryset_min_age.age)
        print(queryset_max_age, queryset_max_age.age)
        return '200 OK'
    def paginate(self, page: int = 1, page_size: int = 5):
        """
        分頁處理
        :param page: 當前是第幾頁
        :param page_size: 每頁有多少資料
        :return:
        """
        #  方法一：切片
        start = (page - 1) * page_size
        end = start + page_size
        queryset1 = Student.objects.all()[start:end]
        print(queryset1)
        #  方法二：skip().limit()
        queryset2 = Student.objects.skip(start).limit(page_size)
        print(queryset2)
        return "200 OK"
    def update_one(self):
        """修改一條資料"""
        queryset = Student.objects.filter(stu_no='2438197')
        print(queryset)
        result = queryset.update_one(stu_name='白龍馬', phone_no='16452412564')
        # result = queryset.update_one(stu_name='白龍馬', unset__phone_no=True)
        print(result)
    def update_one_2(self):
        """修改一條資料"""
        queryset = Student.objects.filter(stu_no=3152784).first()
        print(queryset)
        if queryset:
            queryset.stu_name = '沙和尚'
            result = queryset.save()
            print(result)
            return "200 OK"
        else:
            return "error"
    def update_many(self):
        """將年齡10歲的學生年齡加一歲"""
        queryset = Student.objects.filter(age=10)
        print(queryset)
        queryset.update(inc__age=1)
        print(queryset)
        return "200 OK"
    def delete_data(self):
        """刪除年齡大於13歲的學生"""
        queryset_start = Student.objects.all()
        print(f"刪除前學生總數量：{queryset_start.count()}")
        queryset = Student.objects.filter(age__gt=13)
        print(f'刪除的學生的數量：{queryset.count()}')
        res = queryset.delete()
        print(f"刪除的結果：{res}")
        queryset_end = Student.objects.all()
        print(f"刪除後剩餘學生總數量：{queryset_end.count()}")
if __name__ == '__main__':
    #  自我測試程式碼
    pass

model.py

from mongoengine import Document, connect, EnumField, StringField, IntField, ListField, EmbeddedDocument, 
    EmbeddedDocumentField
from enum import Enum
#  連線到User資料庫
connect('user', host='192.168.124.104', port=27017)
class SexEnum(Enum):
    MAN = '男'
    WOMAN = '女'
class CourseGrade(EmbeddedDocument):
    """成績資訊（科目、老師、成績）-被巢狀的檔案"""
    course_name = StringField(max_length=64, required=True, verbose_name='科目')
    teacher = StringField(max_length=16, verbose_name='老師')
    score = IntField(min_value=0, max_value=150, required=True, verbose_name='成績')
    def __repr__(self):
        return f"CourseGrade({self.course_name},{self.score})"
    def __str__(self):
        return self.__repr__()
class Student(Document):
    """學生資訊"""
    # verbose_name 自定義引數，用於顯示定義域的名稱
    stu_no = IntField(required=True, unique=True, verbose_name='學號')
    stu_name = StringField(required=True, max_length=16, verbose_name='姓名')
    sex = EnumField(enum=SexEnum, verbose_name='性別')
    class_name = StringField(max_length=10, verbose_name='班級')
    address = StringField(max_length=255, verbose_name='家庭住址')
    phone_no = StringField(max_length=11, verbose_name='電話號碼')
    age = IntField(min_value=0, max_value=150, verbose_name='年齡')
    grades = ListField(EmbeddedDocumentField(CourseGrade), verbose_name='成績陣列')
    meta = {
        #  指定檔案的集合
        'collection': 'students',
        #  指定排序，可以指定多個域。例如：'age':根據年齡升序，'-age'：根據年齡降序
        'ordering': ['-age'],
        'strict': False  # 設定非嚴格校驗欄位則不需要吧所有欄位都宣告
    }
    def __repr__(self):
        return f'Grade({self.stu_no}, {self.stu_name})'
    def __str__(self):
        return self.__repr__()
class Grade(Document):
    """學生成績"""
    # verbose_name 自定義引數，用於顯示定義域的名稱
    stu_no = IntField(required=True, verbose_name="學號")
    stu_name = StringField(required=True, max_length=16, verbose_name='姓名')
    sex = EnumField(enum=SexEnum, verbose_name='性別')
    class_name = StringField(max_length=10, verbose_name='班級')
    address = StringField(max_length=255, verbose_name='家庭住址')
    phone_no = StringField(max_length=11, verbose_name='電話號碼')
    age = IntField(min_value=0, max_value=150, verbose_name='年齡')
    grades = EmbeddedDocumentField(CourseGrade, verbose_name='成績')
    meta = {
        # 指定檔案的集合
        'collection': 'grades',
        # 指定排序，可以指定多個域。例如：'age':根據年齡升序，'-age'：根據年齡降序
        'ordering': ['-age']
    }
    def __repr__(self):
        return f'Grade({self.stu_no}, {self.stu_name})'
    def __str__(self):
        return self.__repr__()

官方檔案：
https://docs.mongoengine.org/guide/querying.html

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