<em>Mac</em>Book项目 2009年学校开始实施<em>Mac</em>Book项目,所有师生配备一本<em>Mac</em>Book,并同步更新了校园无线网络。学校每周进行电脑技术更新,每月发送技术支持资料,极大改变了教学及学习方式。因此2011
2021-06-01 09:32:01
本文用純c的程式碼,實現異常捕獲try-catch元件。閱讀本文需要時刻牢記setjmp和longjmp的對應關係。
在java,python,c++裡面都有try catch異常捕獲。在try程式碼塊裡面執行的函數,如果出錯有異常了,就會throw把異常丟擲來,丟擲來的異常被catch接收進行處理,而finally意味著無論有沒有異常,都會執行finally程式碼塊內的程式碼。
try{ connect_sql();//throw }catch(){ }finally { };
關於跳轉,有兩個跳轉。那麼在這裡我們必然選用長跳轉。
setjmp/longjmp這兩個函數是不存在壓棧出棧的,也就是說longjmp跳轉到setjmp的地方後,會覆蓋之前的棧。
#include <stdio.h> #include <setjmp.h> jmp_buf env; int count = 0; void sub_func(int idx) { printf("sub_func -->idx : %dn", idx); //第二個引數就是setjmp()的返回值 longjmp(env, idx); } int main() { int idx = 0; //設定跳轉標籤,第一次返回0 count = setjmp(env); if (count == 0) { printf("count : %dn", count); sub_func(++idx); } else if (count == 1) { printf("count : %dn", count); sub_func(++idx); } else if (count == 2) { printf("count : %dn", count); sub_func(++idx); } else { printf("other count n"); } return 0; }
count : 0 sub_func -->idx : 1 count : 1 sub_func -->idx : 2 count : 2 sub_func -->idx : 3 other count
try ---> setjmp(env) throw ---> longjmp(env,Exception) catch(Exception)
我們其實可以分析出來,setjmp和count==0的地方,相當於try,後面的else if 相當於catch,最後一個else,其實並不是finally,因為finally是不管怎麼樣都會執行,上圖我標註的其實是誤導的。應該是下圖這樣才對。
4個關鍵字分析出來它們的關係之後,其實我們就能用宏定義來實現了。
#include <stdio.h> #include <setjmp.h> typedef struct _Exception { jmp_buf env; int exceptype; } Exception; #define Try(excep) if((excep.exceptype=setjmp(excep.env))==0) #define Catch(excep, ExcepType) else if(excep.exceptype==ExcepType) #define Throw(excep, ExcepType) longjmp(excep.env,ExcepType) #define Finally void throw_func(Exception ex, int idx) { printf("throw_func -->idx : %dn", idx); Throw(ex, idx); } int main() { int idx = 0; Exception ex; Try(ex) { printf("ex.exceptype : %dn", ex.exceptype); throw_func(ex, ++idx); } Catch(ex, 1) { printf("ex.exceptype : %dn", ex.exceptype); } Catch(ex, 2) { printf("ex.exceptype : %dn", ex.exceptype); } Catch(ex, 3) { printf("ex.exceptype : %dn", ex.exceptype); } Finally{ printf("Finallyn"); }; return 0; }
ex.exceptype : 0 throw_func -->idx : 1 ex.exceptype : 1 Finally
雖然現在demo版看起來像這麼回事了,但是還是有兩個問題:
系統提供了三個宏可以供我們使用,如果我們沒有catch到異常,我們就可以列印出來
__func__, __FILE__, __LINE__
我們知道try-catch是可以巢狀的,那麼這就形成了一個棧的資料結構,現在下面有三個try,每個setjmp
對應的都是不同的jmp_buf
,那麼我們可以定義一個jmp_buf的棧。
try{ try{ try{ }catch(){ } }catch(){ } }catch(){ }finally{ };
那麼我們很容易能寫出來,既然是棧,try的時候我們就插入一個結點,catch的時候我們就pop一個出來。
#define EXCEPTION_MESSAGE_LENGTH 512 typedef struct _ntyException { const char *name; } ntyException; ntyException SQLException = {"SQLException"}; ntyException TimeoutException = {"TimeoutException"}; typedef struct _ntyExceptionFrame { jmp_buf env; int line; const char *func; const char *file; ntyException *exception; struct _ntyExceptionFrame *next; char message[EXCEPTION_MESSAGE_LENGTH + 1]; } ntyExceptionFrame; enum { ExceptionEntered = 0,//0 ExceptionThrown, //1 ExceptionHandled, //2 ExceptionFinalized//3 };
每個執行緒都可以try-catch,但是我們以及知道了是個棧結構,既ExceptionStack,那麼每個執行緒是獨有一個ExceptionStack呢?還是共用同一個ExceptionStack?很明顯,A執行緒的異常應該有A的處理,而不是由B執行緒處理。那麼我們就使用Linux執行緒私有資料Thread-specific Data(TSD)來做。
/* ** **** ******** **************** Thread safety **************** ******** **** ** */ #define ntyThreadLocalData pthread_key_t #define ntyThreadLocalDataSet(key, value) pthread_setspecific((key), (value)) #define ntyThreadLocalDataGet(key) pthread_getspecific((key)) #define ntyThreadLocalDataCreate(key) pthread_key_create(&(key), NULL) ntyThreadLocalData ExceptionStack; static void init_once(void) { ntyThreadLocalDataCreate(ExceptionStack); } static pthread_once_t once_control = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT; void ntyExceptionInit(void) { pthread_once(&once_control, init_once); }
首先建立一個新節點入棧,然後setjmp設定一個標記,接下來就是大括號裡面的操作了,如果有異常,那麼就會被throw丟擲來,為什麼這裡最後一行是if?因為longjmp的時候,返回的地方是setjmp,不要忘了!要時刻扣住longjmp和setjmp。
#define Try do { volatile int Exception_flag; ntyExceptionFrame frame; frame.message[0] = 0; frame.next = (ntyExceptionFrame*)ntyThreadLocalDataGet(ExceptionStack); ntyThreadLocalDataSet(ExceptionStack, &frame); Exception_flag = setjmp(frame.env); if (Exception_flag == ExceptionEntered) {
Try{ //... Throw(A, "A"); }
在這裡,我們不應該把throw定義成宏,而應該定義成函數。這裡分兩類,一類是try裡面的throw,一類是沒有try直接throw。
這裡的##__VA_ARGS__
是可變引數,具體不多介紹了,不是本文重點。
#define ReThrow ntyExceptionThrow(frame.exception, frame.func, frame.file, frame.line, NULL) #define Throw(e, cause, ...) ntyExceptionThrow(&(e), __func__, __FILE__, __LINE__, cause, ##__VA_ARGS__,NULL)
void ntyExceptionThrow(ntyException *excep, const char *func, const char *file, int line, const char *cause, ...) { va_list ap; ntyExceptionFrame *frame = (ntyExceptionFrame *) ntyThreadLocalDataGet(ExceptionStack); if (frame) { //異常名 frame->exception = excep; frame->func = func; frame->file = file; frame->line = line; //異常列印的資訊 if (cause) { va_start(ap, cause); vsnprintf(frame->message, EXCEPTION_MESSAGE_LENGTH, cause, ap); va_end(ap); } ntyExceptionPopStack; longjmp(frame->env, ExceptionThrown); } //沒有被catch,直接throw else if (cause) { char message[EXCEPTION_MESSAGE_LENGTH + 1]; va_start(ap, cause); vsnprintf(message, EXCEPTION_MESSAGE_LENGTH, cause, ap); va_end(ap); printf("%s: %sn raised in %s at %s:%dn", excep->name, message, func ? func : "?", file ? file : "?", line); } else { printf("%s: %pn raised in %s at %s:%dn", excep->name, excep, func ? func : "?", file ? file : "?", line); } }
如果還是ExceptionEntered狀態,說明沒有異常,沒有throw。如果捕獲到異常了,那麼其狀態就是ExceptionHandled。
#define Catch(nty_exception) if (Exception_flag == ExceptionEntered) ntyExceptionPopStack; } else if (frame.exception == &(nty_exception)) { Exception_flag = ExceptionHandled;
finally也是一樣,如果還是ExceptionEntered狀態,說明沒有異常沒有捕獲,那麼現在狀態是終止階段。
#define Finally if (Exception_flag == ExceptionEntered) ntyExceptionPopStack; } { if (Exception_flag == ExceptionEntered) Exception_flag = ExceptionFinalized;
有些人看到EndTry可能會有疑問,try-catch一共不就4個關鍵字嗎?怎麼你多了一個。我們先來看看EndTry做了什麼,首先如果是ExceptionEntered狀態,那意味著什麼?意味著沒有throw,沒有catch,沒有finally,只有try,我們需要對這種情況進行處理,要出棧。
還有一種情況,如果是ExceptionThrown狀態,說明什麼?沒有被catch捕獲到,那麼我們就再次丟擲,進行列印錯誤。至於為什麼多個EndTry,寫起來方便唄~
#define EndTry if (Exception_flag == ExceptionEntered) ntyExceptionPopStack; } if (Exception_flag == ExceptionThrown) {ReThrow;} } while (0)
/* ** **** ******** **************** try / catch / finally / throw **************** ******** **** ** */ #define EXCEPTION_MESSAGE_LENGTH 512 typedef struct _ntyException { const char *name; } ntyException; ntyException SQLException = {"SQLException"}; ntyException TimeoutException = {"TimeoutException"}; typedef struct _ntyExceptionFrame { jmp_buf env; int line; const char *func; const char *file; ntyException *exception; struct _ntyExceptionFrame *next; char message[EXCEPTION_MESSAGE_LENGTH + 1]; } ntyExceptionFrame; enum { ExceptionEntered = 0,//0 ExceptionThrown, //1 ExceptionHandled, //2 ExceptionFinalized//3 }; #define ntyExceptionPopStack ntyThreadLocalDataSet(ExceptionStack, ((ntyExceptionFrame*)ntyThreadLocalDataGet(ExceptionStack))->next) #define ReThrow ntyExceptionThrow(frame.exception, frame.func, frame.file, frame.line, NULL) #define Throw(e, cause, ...) ntyExceptionThrow(&(e), __func__, __FILE__, __LINE__, cause, ##__VA_ARGS__,NULL) #define Try do { volatile int Exception_flag; ntyExceptionFrame frame; frame.message[0] = 0; frame.next = (ntyExceptionFrame*)ntyThreadLocalDataGet(ExceptionStack); ntyThreadLocalDataSet(ExceptionStack, &frame); Exception_flag = setjmp(frame.env); if (Exception_flag == ExceptionEntered) { #define Catch(nty_exception) if (Exception_flag == ExceptionEntered) ntyExceptionPopStack; } else if (frame.exception == &(nty_exception)) { Exception_flag = ExceptionHandled; #define Finally if (Exception_flag == ExceptionEntered) ntyExceptionPopStack; } { if (Exception_flag == ExceptionEntered) Exception_flag = ExceptionFinalized; #define EndTry if (Exception_flag == ExceptionEntered) ntyExceptionPopStack; } if (Exception_flag == ExceptionThrown) {ReThrow;} } while (0) void ntyExceptionThrow(ntyException *excep, const char *func, const char *file, int line, const char *cause, ...) { va_list ap; ntyExceptionFrame *frame = (ntyExceptionFrame *) ntyThreadLocalDataGet(ExceptionStack); if (frame) { //異常名 frame->exception = excep; frame->func = func; frame->file = file; frame->line = line; //異常列印的資訊 if (cause) { va_start(ap, cause); vsnprintf(frame->message, EXCEPTION_MESSAGE_LENGTH, cause, ap); va_end(ap); } ntyExceptionPopStack; longjmp(frame->env, ExceptionThrown); } //沒有被catch,直接throw else if (cause) { char message[EXCEPTION_MESSAGE_LENGTH + 1]; va_start(ap, cause); vsnprintf(message, EXCEPTION_MESSAGE_LENGTH, cause, ap); va_end(ap); printf("%s: %sn raised in %s at %s:%dn", excep->name, message, func ? func : "?", file ? file : "?", line); } else { printf("%s: %pn raised in %s at %s:%dn", excep->name, excep, func ? func : "?", file ? file : "?", line); } }
/* ** **** ******** **************** debug **************** ******** **** ** */ ntyException A = {"AException"}; ntyException B = {"BException"}; ntyException C = {"CException"}; ntyException D = {"DException"}; void *thread(void *args) { pthread_t selfid = pthread_self(); Try { Throw(A, "A"); } Catch (A) { printf("catch A : %ldn", selfid); } EndTry; Try { Throw(B, "B"); } Catch (B) { printf("catch B : %ldn", selfid); } EndTry; Try { Throw(C, "C"); } Catch (C) { printf("catch C : %ldn", selfid); } EndTry; Try { Throw(D, "D"); } Catch (D) { printf("catch D : %ldn", selfid); } EndTry; Try { Throw(A, "A Again"); Throw(B, "B Again"); Throw(C, "C Again"); Throw(D, "D Again"); } Catch (A) { printf("catch A again : %ldn", selfid); } Catch (B) { printf("catch B again : %ldn", selfid); } Catch (C) { printf("catch C again : %ldn", selfid); } Catch (D) { printf("catch B again : %ldn", selfid); } EndTry; } #define PTHREAD_NUM 8 int main(void) { ntyExceptionInit(); printf("nn=> Test1: Thrown"); { Throw(D, NULL); //ntyExceptionThrow(&(D), "_function_name_", "_file_name_", 202, ((void *) 0), ((void *) 0)) Throw(C, "null C"); //ntyExceptionThrow(&(C), "_function_name_", "_file_name_", 203, "null C", ((void *) 0)) } printf("=> Test1: Oknn"); printf("nn=> Test2: Try-Catch Double Nestingn"); { Try { Try { Throw(B, "call B"); } Catch (B) { printf("catch B n"); } EndTry; Throw(A, NULL); } Catch(A) { printf("catch A n"); printf("Result: Okn"); } EndTry; } printf("=> Test2: Oknn"); printf("nn=> Test3: Try-Catch Triple Nestingn"); { Try { Try { Try { Throw(C, "call C"); } Catch (C) { printf("catch Cn"); } EndTry; Throw(B, "call B"); } Catch (B) { printf("catch Bn"); } EndTry; Throw(A, NULL); } Catch(A) { printf("catch An"); } EndTry; } printf("=> Test3: Oknn"); printf("=> Test4: Test Thread-safenessn"); int i = 0; pthread_t th_id[PTHREAD_NUM]; for (i = 0; i < PTHREAD_NUM; i++) { pthread_create(&th_id[i], NULL, thread, NULL); } for (i = 0; i < PTHREAD_NUM; i++) { pthread_join(th_id[i], NULL); } printf("=> Test4: Oknn"); printf("nn=> Test5: No Success Catchn"); { Try { Throw(A, "no catch A ,should Rethrow"); } EndTry; } printf("=> Test5: Rethrow Successnn"); printf("nn=> Test6: Normal Testn"); { Try { Throw(A, "call A"); } Catch(A) { printf("catch An"); } Finally { printf("wxf nbn"); }; EndTry; } printf("=> Test6: oknn"); }
#include <stdio.h> #include <setjmp.h> #include <pthread.h> #include <stdarg.h> /* ** **** ******** **************** Thread safety **************** ******** **** ** */ #define ntyThreadLocalData pthread_key_t #define ntyThreadLocalDataSet(key, value) pthread_setspecific((key), (value)) #define ntyThreadLocalDataGet(key) pthread_getspecific((key)) #define ntyThreadLocalDataCreate(key) pthread_key_create(&(key), NULL) ntyThreadLocalData ExceptionStack; static void init_once(void) { ntyThreadLocalDataCreate(ExceptionStack); } static pthread_once_t once_control = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT; void ntyExceptionInit(void) { pthread_once(&once_control, init_once); } /* ** **** ******** **************** try / catch / finally / throw **************** ******** **** ** */ #define EXCEPTION_MESSAGE_LENGTH 512 typedef struct _ntyException { const char *name; } ntyException; ntyException SQLException = {"SQLException"}; ntyException TimeoutException = {"TimeoutException"}; typedef struct _ntyExceptionFrame { jmp_buf env; int line; const char *func; const char *file; ntyException *exception; struct _ntyExceptionFrame *next; char message[EXCEPTION_MESSAGE_LENGTH + 1]; } ntyExceptionFrame; enum { ExceptionEntered = 0,//0 ExceptionThrown, //1 ExceptionHandled, //2 ExceptionFinalized//3 }; #define ntyExceptionPopStack ntyThreadLocalDataSet(ExceptionStack, ((ntyExceptionFrame*)ntyThreadLocalDataGet(ExceptionStack))->next) #define ReThrow ntyExceptionThrow(frame.exception, frame.func, frame.file, frame.line, NULL) #define Throw(e, cause, ...) ntyExceptionThrow(&(e), __func__, __FILE__, __LINE__, cause, ##__VA_ARGS__,NULL) #define Try do { volatile int Exception_flag; ntyExceptionFrame frame; frame.message[0] = 0; frame.next = (ntyExceptionFrame*)ntyThreadLocalDataGet(ExceptionStack); ntyThreadLocalDataSet(ExceptionStack, &frame); Exception_flag = setjmp(frame.env); if (Exception_flag == ExceptionEntered) { #define Catch(nty_exception) if (Exception_flag == ExceptionEntered) ntyExceptionPopStack; } else if (frame.exception == &(nty_exception)) { Exception_flag = ExceptionHandled; #define Finally if (Exception_flag == ExceptionEntered) ntyExceptionPopStack; } { if (Exception_flag == ExceptionEntered) Exception_flag = ExceptionFinalized; #define EndTry if (Exception_flag == ExceptionEntered) ntyExceptionPopStack; } if (Exception_flag == ExceptionThrown) {ReThrow;} } while (0) void ntyExceptionThrow(ntyException *excep, const char *func, const char *file, int line, const char *cause, ...) { va_list ap; ntyExceptionFrame *frame = (ntyExceptionFrame *) ntyThreadLocalDataGet(ExceptionStack); if (frame) { //異常名 frame->exception = excep; frame->func = func; frame->file = file; frame->line = line; //異常列印的資訊 if (cause) { va_start(ap, cause); vsnprintf(frame->message, EXCEPTION_MESSAGE_LENGTH, cause, ap); va_end(ap); } ntyExceptionPopStack; longjmp(frame->env, ExceptionThrown); } //沒有被catch,直接throw else if (cause) { char message[EXCEPTION_MESSAGE_LENGTH + 1]; va_start(ap, cause); vsnprintf(message, EXCEPTION_MESSAGE_LENGTH, cause, ap); va_end(ap); printf("%s: %sn raised in %s at %s:%dn", excep->name, message, func ? func : "?", file ? file : "?", line); } else { printf("%s: %pn raised in %s at %s:%dn", excep->name, excep, func ? func : "?", file ? file : "?", line); } } /* ** **** ******** **************** debug **************** ******** **** ** */ ntyException A = {"AException"}; ntyException B = {"BException"}; ntyException C = {"CException"}; ntyException D = {"DException"}; void *thread(void *args) { pthread_t selfid = pthread_self(); Try { Throw(A, "A"); } Catch (A) { printf("catch A : %ldn", selfid); } EndTry; Try { Throw(B, "B"); } Catch (B) { printf("catch B : %ldn", selfid); } EndTry; Try { Throw(C, "C"); } Catch (C) { printf("catch C : %ldn", selfid); } EndTry; Try { Throw(D, "D"); } Catch (D) { printf("catch D : %ldn", selfid); } EndTry; Try { Throw(A, "A Again"); Throw(B, "B Again"); Throw(C, "C Again"); Throw(D, "D Again"); } Catch (A) { printf("catch A again : %ldn", selfid); } Catch (B) { printf("catch B again : %ldn", selfid); } Catch (C) { printf("catch C again : %ldn", selfid); } Catch (D) { printf("catch B again : %ldn", selfid); } EndTry; } #define PTHREAD_NUM 8 int main(void) { ntyExceptionInit(); printf("nn=> Test1: Thrown"); { Throw(D, NULL); //ntyExceptionThrow(&(D), "_function_name_", "_file_name_", 202, ((void *) 0), ((void *) 0)) Throw(C, "null C"); //ntyExceptionThrow(&(C), "_function_name_", "_file_name_", 203, "null C", ((void *) 0)) } printf("=> Test1: Oknn"); printf("nn=> Test2: Try-Catch Double Nestingn"); { Try { Try { Throw(B, "call B"); } Catch (B) { printf("catch B n"); } EndTry; Throw(A, NULL); } Catch(A) { printf("catch A n"); printf("Result: Okn"); } EndTry; } printf("=> Test2: Oknn"); printf("nn=> Test3: Try-Catch Triple Nestingn"); { Try { Try { Try { Throw(C, "call C"); } Catch (C) { printf("catch Cn"); } EndTry; Throw(B, "call B"); } Catch (B) { printf("catch Bn"); } EndTry; Throw(A, NULL); } Catch(A) { printf("catch An"); } EndTry; } printf("=> Test3: Oknn"); printf("=> Test4: Test Thread-safenessn"); int i = 0; pthread_t th_id[PTHREAD_NUM]; for (i = 0; i < PTHREAD_NUM; i++) { pthread_create(&th_id[i], NULL, thread, NULL); } for (i = 0; i < PTHREAD_NUM; i++) { pthread_join(th_id[i], NULL); } printf("=> Test4: Oknn"); printf("nn=> Test5: No Success Catchn"); { Try { Throw(A, "no catch A ,should Rethrow"); } EndTry; } printf("=> Test5: Rethrow Successnn"); printf("nn=> Test6: Normal Testn"); { Try { Throw(A, "call A"); } Catch(A) { printf("catch An"); } Finally { printf("wxf nbn"); }; EndTry; } printf("=> Test6: oknn"); } void all() { ///////////try do { volatile int Exception_flag; ntyExceptionFrame frame; frame.message[0] = 0; frame.next = (ntyExceptionFrame *) pthread_getspecific((ExceptionStack)); pthread_setspecific((ExceptionStack), (&frame)); Exception_flag = _setjmp(frame.env); if (Exception_flag == ExceptionEntered) { /////////// { ///////////try do { volatile int Exception_flag; ntyExceptionFrame frame; frame.message[0] = 0; frame.next = (ntyExceptionFrame *) pthread_getspecific((ExceptionStack)); pthread_setspecific((ExceptionStack), (&frame)); Exception_flag = _setjmp(frame.env); if (Exception_flag == ExceptionEntered) { /////////// { ///////////Throw(B, "recall B"); --->longjmp ExceptionThrown ntyExceptionThrow(&(B), "_function_name_", "_file_name_", 302, "recall B", ((void *) 0)); /////////// } ///////////Catch (B) if (Exception_flag == ExceptionEntered) ntyExceptionPopStack; } else if (frame.exception == &(B)) { Exception_flag = ExceptionHandled; /////////// { /////////// printf("recall B n"); /////////// } ////////fin if (Exception_flag == ExceptionEntered) ntyExceptionPopStack; if (Exception_flag == ExceptionEntered) Exception_flag = ExceptionFinalized; /////////////////{ { printf("finn"); }; ////////////////////} ///////////EndTry; if (Exception_flag == ExceptionEntered) ntyExceptionPopStack; } if (Exception_flag == ExceptionThrown) ntyExceptionThrow(frame.exception, frame.func, frame.file, frame.line, ((void *) 0)); } while (0); ///////////Throw(A, NULL); longjmp ExceptionThrown ntyExceptionThrow(&(A), "_function_name_", "_file_name_", 329, ((void *) 0), ((void *) 0)); /////////// } ///////////Catch(A) if (Exception_flag == ExceptionEntered) ntyExceptionPopStack; } else if (frame.exception == &(A)) { Exception_flag = ExceptionHandled; /////////// { /////////// printf("tResult: Okn"); /////////// } /////////// EndTry; if (Exception_flag == ExceptionEntered) ntyExceptionPopStack; } if (Exception_flag == ExceptionThrown) ntyExceptionThrow(frame.exception, frame.func, frame.file, frame.line, ((void *) 0)); } while (0); /////////// }
以上就是純c實現異常捕獲try-catch元件教學範例的詳細內容,更多關於c異常捕獲try-catch的資料請關注it145.com其它相關文章!
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