Mariadb資料庫主從複製同步設定過程範例

2022-11-25 14:01:18

一、環境規劃

hostname	IP地址	系統版本	角色
master	192.168.3.171	centos 7.6	主節點
node01	192.168.3.172	centos 7.6	從節點
node02	192.168.3.173	centos 7.6	從節點

二、Mariadb的主從複製介紹

1.主從複製簡介

主從同步使得資料可以從一個資料庫伺服器複製到其他伺服器上，在複製資料時，一個伺服器充當主伺服器（master），其餘的伺服器充當從伺服器（slave）。

2.半同步複製介紹

半同步複製是解決主庫資料掛掉，從庫資料不一致的問題。解決方法：半同步複製，半同步複製場景中，master會監視所有的slave，確保其中至少一臺資料完全同步成功，master才會返回使用者端資訊，此資料寫成功。

3.主從複製原理圖

三、安裝Mariadb

1.設定yum倉庫

3個節點都安裝Mariadb資料庫

[root@master yum.repos.d]# cat mariadb.repo 
# MariaDB 10.6 CentOS repository list - created 2021-12-27 11:21 UTC
# https://mariadb.org/download/
[mariadb]
name = MariaDB
baseurl = https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/mariadb/yum/10.6/centos7-amd64
gpgkey=https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/mariadb/yum/RPM-GPG-KEY-MariaDB
gpgcheck=0

 sed -i 's#//mirrors.xtom.com.hk#//mirrors.ustc.edu.cn#g' /etc/yum.repos.d/mariadb.repo

2.檢查yum倉庫

[root@master yum.repos.d]# yum repolist all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id                                                              repo name                                                             status
mariadb                                                              MariaDB                                                               enabled: 96
repolist: 96

3.安裝mariadb

yum -y install mariadb-server

4.啟動mariadb服務

[root@master yum.repos.d]# systemctl start mariadb
[root@master yum.repos.d]# systemctl enable  mariadb
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mariadb.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
[root@master yum.repos.d]#

5.從節點安裝mariadb

如上步驟安裝即可。

四、mariadb主庫設定

1.mariadb的初始化

[root@master ~]# mariadb-secure-installation 
NOTE: RUNNING ALL PARTS OF THIS SCRIPT IS RECOMMENDED FOR ALL MariaDB
      SERVERS IN PRODUCTION USE!  PLEASE READ EACH STEP CAREFULLY!
In order to log into MariaDB to secure it, we'll need the current
password for the root user. If you've just installed MariaDB, and
haven't set the root password yet, you should just press enter here.
Enter current password for root (enter for none): 
OK, successfully used password, moving on...
Setting the root password or using the unix_socket ensures that nobody
can log into the MariaDB root user without the proper authorisation.
You already have your root account protected, so you can safely answer 'n'.
Switch to unix_socket authentication [Y/n] n
 ... skipping.
You already have your root account protected, so you can safely answer 'n'.
Change the root password? [Y/n] n
 ... skipping.
By default, a MariaDB installation has an anonymous user, allowing anyone
to log into MariaDB without having to have a user account created for
them.  This is intended only for testing, and to make the installation
go a bit smoother.  You should remove them before moving into a
production environment.
Remove anonymous users? [Y/n] y
 ... Success!
Normally, root should only be allowed to connect from 'localhost'.  This
ensures that someone cannot guess at the root password from the network.
Disallow root login remotely? [Y/n] n
 ... skipping.
By default, MariaDB comes with a database named 'test' that anyone can
access.  This is also intended only for testing, and should be removed
before moving into a production environment.
Remove test database and access to it? [Y/n] y
 - Dropping test database...
 ... Success!
 - Removing privileges on test database...
 ... Success!
Reloading the privilege tables will ensure that all changes made so far
will take effect immediately.
Reload privilege tables now? [Y/n] y
 ... Success!
Cleaning up...
All done!  If you've completed all of the above steps, your MariaDB
installation should now be secure.
Thanks for using MariaDB!
[root@master ~]#

2.修改主庫組態檔

[root@master ~]# grep -Ev "^$|^#" /etc/my.cnf.d/server.cnf
[server]
[mysqld]
character-set-server=utf8
collation-server=utf8_general_ci
server_id = 12    #  一組主從組裡的每個id必須是唯一值。推薦用ip位數
log-bin= mysql-bin # 二進位制紀錄檔，後面指定存放位置。如果只是指定名字，預設存放在/var/lib/mysql下
lower_case_table_names=1 # 不區分大小寫
binlog-format=ROW    # 二進位制紀錄檔檔案格式
log-slave-updates=True    # slave更新是否記入紀錄檔
sync-master-info=1    # 值為1確保資訊不會丟失
slave-parallel-threads=3 #同時啟動多少個複製執行緒，最多與要複製的資料庫數量相等即可
binlog-checksum=CRC32    # 效驗碼
master-verify-checksum=1    # 啟動主伺服器效驗
slave-sql-verify-checksum=1   # 啟動從伺服器效驗
[galera]
[embedded]
[mariadb]
[mariadb-10.6]
[root@master ~]#

3.重啟mariadb服務

[root@master ~]# systemctl restart mariadb
[root@master ~]#

五、mariadb從庫設定

1.修改從庫node01節點的server.cnf檔案

[root@node01 ~]# cat  /etc/my.cnf.d/server.cnf
#
# These groups are read by MariaDB server.
# Use it for options that only the server (but not clients) should see
#
# See the examples of server my.cnf files in /usr/share/mysql/
#
# this is read by the standalone daemon and embedded servers
[server]
# this is only for the mysqld standalone daemon
[mysqld]
character-set-server=utf8
collation-server=utf8_general_ci
server_id=15
#log-bin= mysql-bin #log-bin是二進位制檔案
relay_log = relay-bin    # 中繼紀錄檔, 後面指定存放位置。如果只是指定名字，預設存放在/var/lib/mysql下
lower_case_table_names=1
#
# * Galera-related settings
#
[galera]
# Mandatory settings
#wsrep_on=ON
#wsrep_provider=
#wsrep_cluster_address=
#binlog_format=row
#default_storage_engine=InnoDB
#innodb_autoinc_lock_mode=2
#
# Allow server to accept connections on all interfaces.
#
#bind-address=0.0.0.0
#
# Optional setting
#wsrep_slave_threads=1
#innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=0
# this is only for embedded server
[embedded]
# This group is only read by MariaDB servers, not by MySQL.
# If you use the same .cnf file for MySQL and MariaDB,
# you can put MariaDB-only options here
[mariadb]
# This group is only read by MariaDB-10.6 servers.
# If you use the same .cnf file for MariaDB of different versions,
# use this group for options that older servers don't understand
[mariadb-10.6]

2.修改從庫node02節點的server.cnf檔案

[root@node02 ~]# cat  /etc/my.cnf.d/server.cnf
#
# These groups are read by MariaDB server.
# Use it for options that only the server (but not clients) should see
#
# See the examples of server my.cnf files in /usr/share/mysql/
#
# this is read by the standalone daemon and embedded servers
[server]
# this is only for the mysqld standalone daemon
[mysqld]
character-set-server=utf8
collation-server=utf8_general_ci
server_id=16
#log-bin= mysql-bin #log-bin是二進位制檔案
relay_log = relay-bin    # 中繼紀錄檔, 後面指定存放位置。如果只是指定名字，預設存放在/var/lib/mysql下
lower_case_table_names=1
#
# * Galera-related settings
#
[galera]
# Mandatory settings
#wsrep_on=ON
#wsrep_provider=
#wsrep_cluster_address=
#binlog_format=row
#default_storage_engine=InnoDB
#innodb_autoinc_lock_mode=2
#
# Allow server to accept connections on all interfaces.
#
#bind-address=0.0.0.0
#
# Optional setting
#wsrep_slave_threads=1
#innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=0
# this is only for embedded server
[embedded]
# This group is only read by MariaDB servers, not by MySQL.
# If you use the same .cnf file for MySQL and MariaDB,
# you can put MariaDB-only options here
[mariadb]
# This group is only read by MariaDB-10.6 servers.
# If you use the same .cnf file for MariaDB of different versions,
# use this group for options that older servers don't understand
[mariadb-10.6]

3.重啟node01和node02的mariadb服務

systemctl restart mariadb

六、檢視mariadb主庫狀態

1.建立資料庫使用者

MariaDB [(none)]>  grant replication slave, replication client on *.* to 'redhat'@'%'  identified by 'admin';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.025 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.000 sec)

2.檢視資料庫使用者資訊

MariaDB [(none)]> select user,password,host from mysql.user;
+-------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------+
| User        | Password                                  | Host      |
+-------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------+
| mariadb.sys |                                           | localhost |
| root        | invalid                                   | localhost |
| mysql       | invalid                                   | localhost |
| redhat      | *4ACFE3202A5FF5CF467898FC58AAB1D615029441 | %         |
+-------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.002 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]>

3.檢視主庫狀態

MariaDB [(none)]> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| File             | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| mysql-bin.000002 |      659 |              |                  |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]>

4.檢視mysql-bin紀錄檔檔案

[root@master ~]#  ll /var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin.index 
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql 38 Nov 23 23:31 /var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin.index
[root@master ~]# cat  /var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin.index 
./mysql-bin.000001
./mysql-bin.000002

5.gtid查詢

MariaDB [(none)]> select binlog_gtid_pos('mysql-bin.000002',659);
+-----------------------------------------+
| binlog_gtid_pos('mysql-bin.000002',659) |
+-----------------------------------------+
| 0-12-2                                  |
+-----------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]>

七、啟動從庫

1.從庫設定主庫的gtid

MariaDB [(none)]>  set global gtid_slave_pos='0-12-2';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.080 sec)

2.連線主庫

MariaDB [(none)]>  change master to master_host='192.168.3.171',master_user='redhat',master_password='admin',master_use_gtid=slave_pos;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.182 sec)

3.啟動從庫

MariaDB [(none)]>  start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.123 sec)

4.查詢從庫狀態

MariaDB [(none)]> show  slave statusG
*************************** 1. row ***************************
                Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
                   Master_Host: 192.168.3.171
                   Master_User: redhat
                   Master_Port: 3306
                 Connect_Retry: 60
               Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000002
           Read_Master_Log_Pos: 1450
                Relay_Log_File: relay-bin.000002
                 Relay_Log_Pos: 1461
         Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000002
              Slave_IO_Running: Yes
             Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
               Replicate_Do_DB: 
           Replicate_Ignore_DB: 
            Replicate_Do_Table: 
        Replicate_Ignore_Table: 
       Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: 
   Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: 
                    Last_Errno: 0
                    Last_Error: 
                  Skip_Counter: 0
           Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 1450
               Relay_Log_Space: 1764
               Until_Condition: None
                Until_Log_File: 
                 Until_Log_Pos: 0
            Master_SSL_Allowed: No
            Master_SSL_CA_File: 
            Master_SSL_CA_Path: 
               Master_SSL_Cert: 
             Master_SSL_Cipher: 
                Master_SSL_Key: 
         Seconds_Behind_Master: 0
 Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
                 Last_IO_Errno: 0
                 Last_IO_Error: 
                Last_SQL_Errno: 0
                Last_SQL_Error: 
   Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: 
              Master_Server_Id: 12
                Master_SSL_Crl: 
            Master_SSL_Crlpath: 
                    Using_Gtid: Slave_Pos
                   Gtid_IO_Pos: 0-12-7
       Replicate_Do_Domain_Ids: 
   Replicate_Ignore_Domain_Ids: 
                 Parallel_Mode: optimistic
                     SQL_Delay: 0
           SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
       Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates
              Slave_DDL_Groups: 3
Slave_Non_Transactional_Groups: 2
    Slave_Transactional_Groups: 0
1 row in set (0.000 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]>

八、測試主從同步

1.主庫寫入資料

MariaDB [(none)]> create database school;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.001 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> use school;
Database changed
MariaDB [school]> CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `student`(
    ->    `id` INT UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT,
    ->    `name` VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
    ->    `gender` TINYINT NOT NULL,
    ->    `age` INT UNSIGNED,
    ->    `class` INT UNSIGNED,
    ->      `course` VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
    ->     `grade` INT UNSIGNED,
    ->    PRIMARY KEY ( `id` )
    -> )ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.206 sec)
MariaDB [school]> insert into student ( name, gender, age, class, Course, grade ) values ( "高峰", "0", "22", "4", "英語", "100"), ( "陳林", "1", "15", "5", "化學", "99" );
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.012 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
MariaDB [school]> insert into student ( name, gender, age, class, course, grade ) values  ( "王明", "0", "16", "2", "數學", "88"),  ( "萬易", "0", "17", "4", "地理", "79" ), ( "李依依", "1", "17", "3", "語文",  "90"  ) ;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.017 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

2.主庫檢視資料表

MariaDB [school]> select * from school.student;
+----+-----------+--------+------+-------+--------+-------+
| id | name      | gender | age  | class | course | grade |
+----+-----------+--------+------+-------+--------+-------+
|  1 | 高峰      |      0 |   22 |     4 | 英語   |   100 |
|  2 | 陳林      |      1 |   15 |     5 | 化學   |    99 |
|  3 | 王明      |      0 |   16 |     2 | 數學   |    88 |
|  4 | 萬易      |      0 |   17 |     4 | 地理   |    79 |
|  5 | 李依依    |      1 |   17 |     3 | 語文   |    90 |
+----+-----------+--------+------+-------+--------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.000 sec)
MariaDB [school]>

3.從庫檢視資料表

[root@node01 ~]# hostname
node01
[root@node01 ~]# mariadb
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 12
Server version: 10.6.11-MariaDB MariaDB Server
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the current input statement.
MariaDB [(none)]> select * from school.student;
+----+-----------+--------+------+-------+--------+-------+
| id | name      | gender | age  | class | course | grade |
+----+-----------+--------+------+-------+--------+-------+
|  1 | 高峰      |      0 |   22 |     4 | 英語   |   100 |
|  2 | 陳林      |      1 |   15 |     5 | 化學   |    99 |
|  3 | 王明      |      0 |   16 |     2 | 數學   |    88 |
|  4 | 萬易      |      0 |   17 |     4 | 地理   |    79 |
|  5 | 李依依    |      1 |   17 |     3 | 語文   |    90 |
+----+-----------+--------+------+-------+--------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.000 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]>

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